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Contemporary Issues In Sport - Coggle Diagram
Contemporary Issues In Sport
Gender
Pre - Industrial Britain Gender
In pre-industrial Britain women participated in very few activities
Activities were shaped around accepted female behaviours
Thought of as the Weaker sex so activities couldn’t be too strenuous or dangerous
Women in peasant class had very few rights or opportunities
During country fairs women might get involved in smock races
Upper class women might have been involved in activities such as Archery
Post - Industrial Britain Gender
Women were expected to marry, have children and be financially dependent on their husbands
Many thought education for women was pointless
Schooling for girls was very limited
Few Women had careers and refused entry to some professions
Women could become teachers but this was low status and badly paid
During the late 19th century the status of women started to change
Post - Industrial Changing Status of Women
The marriage assumption was compromised due to shortages of men due to high mortality of boy babies, men at war and men more likely to emigrate.
Women began to campaign for equal rights to study, work, own property and eventually vote
This had the effect of encouraging women to be more involved in sport
Twentieth Century Britain
Participation of women in physical recreational activities had fallen drastically in the 1900, particularly amongst the working classes.
Clubs could afford to pay players because soccer and rugby had become something that people watched as well as played. Cup and league competitions involved town and area rivalries, which gave added purpose and excitement to sports matches.
Crowds at professional soccer and rugby league games became overwhelmingly male-dominant and showed a send of community and class – predominantly working class.
Professional sport was mainly watched by male skilled workers with only few women and middle class.
Working class women were excluded from professional sport by the constraints of both time and money
This started to improve throughout the 20th century, women over 30 were able to vote from 1918, then all women over 21 from 1928, which meant laws began to benefit women to a much larger degree.
Laws changed to ensure equality in law, sports, employment and other domains, but culture and stereotypes remain and progress is slower in changing these.
21st Century Britain
There is still a difference between men and women's participation and spectating in sport
Some still consider sport to be unfeminine thus reinforcing male dominance in sports and media coverage
Certain activities are traditionally linked to either males or females and this can lead to discrimination
E.g. rugby for boys and dance for girls
More women are interested in health and exercise
Women are joining gyms and attending fitness classes
Participation rates in traditionally male sports is also growing e.g. football and rugby
There is an increase in female sports presenters which may encourage women to take an interest and become role models
Fewer incidents of discrimination against women as members of clubs e.g. golf
Women's sports have begin to pay their athletes for the first time e.g. Rugby in 2014 and Netball in 2016
Transport
20th Century
During the twentieth century, transport, both public and private, began to be much more available to everyone.
This enabled an increase in numbers able to travel to participate in sport, as well as spectate.
Sport became much more accessible to most people in Britain, either as a participant or as a spectator.
In the late 1940’s, sport as a spectacle was encouraged by growing radio coverage. Football, rugby, cricket and boxing all attracted huge crowds.
There were also large crowds at the 1948 Olympics, which London stepped in to host with the hope that the games would rejuvenate the economy.
oth public and private transport began to be much more available to everyone
This made sport more accessible and increased the numbers able to travel to participate or spectate sport
Radio coverage encouraged sport as a spectacle in 1940’s – football, rugby, boxing, cricket
The conquest of Everest in 1953 was possible due to growing availability of international travel
Olympics
The London 1948 Olympics also had a large crowd, it was hoped to rejuvenate the economy and tourism
The games were successful and made a profit the last to do so until 1984
With the empire dissolved, international competitions like the Olympics began to matter more as a ‘shop window’ for the host city.
21 Century
Transport has greatly improved, with most households owning a car
Participants are more likely to travel by car, bus or rail to engage in sport (or spectators)
Cheap flights has also contributed to more travel abroad to compete in sports competitions and spectate
Post Industrial Britain
Transport was not widely available until the 20th century – before it was walking or horseback
Then the development of canals, bicycles, roads, motorcar and especially the railways enabled better communication and travel.
This allowed teams and spectators to travel around the country.
Cars began to be mass produced in 20th century allowing sport to be easily followed around the country and participation is easier.
From 1830s the railway had the largest impact on sport
Pre - Industrial Britain
Horse and cart main transport, most had to walk
Roads were appalling so people didn’t travel far
This influenced activities developing locally
The upper classes had more opportunities to travel further by horse and carriage they could get to facilities such as tennis courts.
Some would build facilities at their stately homes
Law and Order
Post- Industrial
The development of more defined laws started to affect the types of activities that were undertaken especially for the working class
Decline in blood sports for working class
The law makers were middle and upper class so it was in their interest
Upper class could hold onto their sports
20th Century
In twentieth century Britain, sport in Britain had taken the shape it would keep, more or less, until the television boom.
Fields of play were enclosed by boundaries, games were timetabled and their were written rules.
Spectators had to pay to watch.
Boxing competitors now wore gloves.
Some team sports wore numbers on the back of their shirts to assist the spectator identification and there was a fixed number of players per side in most teams.
Fixtures were now played on Saturday’s rather than just on festival days.
The pub was the centre of sporting activity for working class men.
By 1900 fields of play were enclosed and boundaries made more formal, games were timetabled and there were written codes of conduct.
Most cruel sports had disappeared apart from fox hunting and shooting by the gentry.
Sports held on Saturday not Sunday
Pre Industrial
Pre-Industrial Britain had little formal law and order this shaped the activities they took part in
The peasant classes would be more involved in violent activities such as bare knuckled fighting or animal fighting, reflecting the lack of order in activities and cruelty to animals in bloodsport
Mob football also had few rules which reflected the lack of law and order
21st Century
Legislation that affects sport is sophisticated and more specific to sport
E.g. negligence in sport has seen a number of high profile cases related to highly physical sports.
The rights of spectators and their safety is also law
Also laws regarding aggressive players on or off the pitch
Laws to protect or litigate against the referee and officials
Litigations over injuries suffered is new to the UK
Cases have established a duty of care owed by participants both towards spectators and competitors
The laws also cover the misuse of drugs, match fixing and misconduct
New laws to protect participants, spectators and officials
Laws to prevent discrimination (Gender/Race)
Transgender are to be recognised as their acquired gender
Discrimination legislation covers: race, gender, age, disability, sexual orientation and religion