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Psychology - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Making decisions based on factors you had before being prompted to make a decisions. ex. Seeing a $100 t shirt then comparing it with a $1200 t shirt which leads you to think the $100 shirt is "cheap."
    - - Changing your opinion based on how the information is phrased. Ex. Out of 600 people there is a 1/3 chance of survival. 200 people will live vs. 400 people will die.
    - - Reluctance to give up on failing investments even if we lose more trying to sustain it.
    - - Relying on probability if one thing happens then the other must happen next. Ex. in roulette if you land on black you must land on red.
  - - - Intuitive, automatic, fast thinking, that may prey to unconscious biases, "Irrational Thinking".
    - - slow, more analytical, deliberative thinking
- - - - Understanding that contexts change over time, and being open minded towards those changes.
        Helps cultivate wisdom
    - - Being open minded towards different viewpoints, making effort to see from another’s perspective.
        Also helps cultivate wisdom
    - - ability to think that you are wrong, recognition of the limits of your knowledge
    - - Compromising between different interests.
  - - - Changes to the framing of behavioural choices to support wise reasoning (framing the choices in a morally positive light instead of a negative one) are effective, similar to “nudges” promoting morally-conscious behaviour
  - - - Omnipotence fallacy is the belief that one is invulnerable and can do what ever they want
    - - Ethical disengagement fallacy is the belief that ethics are essential for others but not for the self
  - - - kids are being taught self interest and economic rationality, preventing the effectiveness of wisdom, this is not preparing them for the social world.
      - to encorporate wise reasoning students should learn how to look at the bigger picture and different perspective, humility, and acknowledging uncertainty and change
      - Encourage wisdom by reducing ego-centrism
      - egocentrism is a rising theme in cultures
- - - - Example- standing when O'Canada come on
      - Example- military personnel are trained to associate movement with firing a gun.
      - Example- Pavlov's Dog experiment, dog drools at the sound of a bell
  - - - the Skinner box is a box with a pedal or bar on one wall that when pressed releases food.
      - this shows that behaviour can be controlled by positive and negative methods
      - Examples: Instagram likes, Phones, test marks
  - - - told us that a reward narrows our focus so our outcome is worse
        
        Ex. Candle Problem
      - Extrinsic Motivators
        
        Extrinsic motivation is effective in simple, non-creative tasks
        
        People motivated by external rewards, (money, prizes, grades) perform worse
      - Intrinsic Motivators
        
        Intrinsic motivation vastly improves happiness and productivity in tasks that require creative problem-solving
        
        Autonomy, mastery, and purpose are the key elements of creating intrinsic motivation
      - Rowe - Having no schedule just get the work done results in higher productivity
    - - Pursuit of meaning in work
        
        People are more productive when their work is personally meaningful to them
        
        When people don't see their work as meaningful, they are less motivated and dedicated to their work
        
        Ex. Bionicle experiment (people are less productive when their work is destroyed, even if rewards stay the same)
        
        Ex. Crossword experiment (People will give up on simple tasks that are perceived as meaningless, even when rewarded for completing tasks)
- - - - 9/11- a women was confusing time line of when things were happening.
      - Brian Williams - thought that he was in a plane crash but wasn't actually part of it. He built it up in his mind and began to believe it.
    - - 60% of your memory changes with in a year, even when shown the written account of what happened, denial will make you believe your memory is correct.
      - 3 reasons why we are wrong
        
        sequencing - mixing the order of time lines
        
        we hear stories or the news that we take to be our own
        
        retrieval - the memory can get contaminated
  - - - people could lie and might not remeber the information correctly
      - It changes how we use the eye witness testimony less reliable because a event occurring after wards could change the person perspective and memory,
      - According to Elizabeth Loftus, 25% of the memory is created by watching or seeing it, we remember 29% of false event
    - - people though their was a cult prey in on the children, the fueling of the panic was not real and there was no witness.
      - children started talking about awful things like cannibalise, animal sacrificed, blood rituals and secret tunnels
- - - - When your core beliefs or values are challenged/attacked it activates the amygdala, the reptilian part of your brain, which is responsible for your fight or flight response.
    - - Detaching from your past self can help you let go of foolish beliefs
      - Most of us define ourselves based on our beliefs and ideologies. This can be a problem when it stops us from changing our minds. We value our beliefs as they define most of our identities. To combat this, we should define ourselves based on our values, which let's us have more flexibility and more open to change.
  - - - Motivational Interviewing
        
        Let the other person talk so you can: Understand them, Hear themselves, Find holes in their knowledge
        
        Friendly questions: don't directly try to change their mind, instead try to understand them better.