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Latin American Independence
Latin American Independence
During the Spanish War of Independence, the process that led to the independence of Spain's American colonies began
The causes of independence
Various factors were the cause of revolutionary independence movements
The encourage of the American Revolution, the French Revolution and the Spanish War of Independence
These, the colonists to fight for their freedom
The assistance of Great Britain
Great Britain offered support because it wanted to end Spain's dominance of trade with America
The influence of Enlightenment ideas
They were brought to America by Creole students who travelled to Europe, and by the Spanish directors of trading companies that had been established in America
The control wanted by the Creole burgeoisie over the economy and politics of the colonies and to achieve independence from Spain when it came to trade
The sequence of events
The independence movements began during the Spanish War of Independence, when the colonies refused to accept Joseph I as king
Then, the colonists created councils, which removed the colonial authorities and governed in the name of Fernando VII
In 1810, the councils declared their autonomy and form that moment onwards, the idea of independence began to spread
The Viceroyalty of New Granada and the Captaincy General of Venezuela
Simón Bolívar led a liberal bourgeois revolution that resulted on the proclamation of the First Venezuelan Republic
The Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata
General José de San Martín led a series of revolts which spread from Argentina, across Chile, Uruguay and to the Viceroyalty of Peru. At the end, Paraguay proclaimed its independence on 1811
The Viceroyalty of New Spain
A priest called Hidalgo led a revolt of Indians and mestizos against the Spanish authorities (1810)
Thanks to the economic and military support of the British, the independence process could make an advance (from 1816 onwards)
The military victories of José de San Martín and the Chilean General O'Higgins led to Chile's independence
Simón Bolívar defeated the Spanish at Carabobo (1821) and Pichincha (1822) established Gran Colombia
The military victory of General Sucre at Ayacucho (1824) led to the independence of Peru and Bolivia
Finally, almost all the Latin American colonies gained independence by the first half of the 19th century, except Cuba and Puerto Rico
The consequences of independence
The consequences of Latin American independence for Spain
The Spanish economy suffered due to the lost of the trade monopoly over the American colonies. Whats more, the crown stopped receiving the large amounts of riches that came from America
Spain's international prestige and power were reduced and it became a a second-rate power.
Spain lost its control over Latin America
The consequences for the new South American countries
New countries were formed, such as Venezuela, Argentina and Mexico and they became republics
The republics were now under the influence of Great Britain, until the 1823 Monroe Doctrine, in which the United States President warned the European powers not to interfere in America
The Creole bourgeoisie achieved the political and economic power it had been fighting for
The establishment of free trade damaged the economies of many countries because they were unable to compete with European and North American products
