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January Re-Sit - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Ann ming - double jeopardy law. Julie Hogg was killed by Billy Dunlop. In his first trial the jury was unable to reach a verdict and he was therefore acquired and protected by the double jeopardy law which means he cannot be tired on the same crime if they have already been tried for it. Billy Dunlop thinking he was protected by this law admitted to killing Julie. Julie's mother campaigned for the abolishment of this law. Dunlop became the first to be convicted of murder when the law was abolished
  - - - This foundation aims to prevent lung disease and do so by campaigning for positive changes in the Uk's lung health. it raises awareness about lung disease, the danger that it causes and how your lungs look after smoking. Their latest campaign involved changing the laws of smoking with children in the cars. BLF secured 50,000 on a petition in 2001 and presented at number 10.As a results of the campaign, their efforts and supporting data there was a change in law which bans smoking in cars with children which came into place in 2015 under the Children and FAmilies Act 2014
  - - - Sarah's law. This was introduced when Sarah aged 8 was abducted and killed by Roy Whiting. Whiting was a known sex offender and wa son the Sex Offenders Register. Sarah's mum campaigned for the register to be accessible to the public for she stated if she known a sex offender was living in the area she would have never let her daughter out to play alone. She was assisted by a Sunday newspaper, News of the World who published pictures of 50 known sex offenders, however this had some backlash as people who looked like the published pictures were being attacked.
- - - - Norms
        
        Rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members - keeps in check deviant behaviour
      - Values
        
        Rules shared by most people - it is what people feel should happen
      - Moral codes
        
        Morals or good ways of behaving
    - - Sanctions that can be imposed by most people (eg. telling off)
        
        Parents grounding a child, frowning against behaviour, telling off
    - - Admired behaviour, odd behaviour, bad behaviour
        
        Odd
        
        Deviant by being odd or different from what is considered the norm, e.g. living with an excessive number of cats
        
        Bad
        
        Deviant because it is bad, e.g. assaulting a pensioner
        
        Admired
        
        Deviant but considered good or admiral, e.g. saving a life while putting own at risk, as most people would not do so
    - - Sanctions imposed by special authorities
        
        Cautions, custodial and community sentences, fines
  - - - Behaviour that breaks the law - include actus reus and mens rea
    - - Sanctions imposed by special authorities
    - - Behavior that violates the norms of society or antisocial behavior
    - - Fatal offences against a person, offences against property, sexual offences, drugs offences etc.
- - - - If the rumours about Fred's mother introducing him to sex is an early age are true this may account for the methods and brutality of his crimes later in life. There was a focus on rape and a sexual torture which suggest that he was heavily influenced by his mother who acted as a role model
    - - It could be argued that Fred's was unable to progress from the pleasure seeking id to the reality principle where the ego is dominant. He continued to need instant gratification from his sexual acts
  - - - Given the case study information about nappies life there are a number of theories that could be relevant to his criminality. For example we can consider Bowlby's theory of attachment which supports the proposition that a child needs a stable home environment to develop appropriately. However it may be argued that the separation experienced in childhood has led to individuals feeling no remorse for their victims or guilt for the crime that has been committed
    - - In addition the social learning theory as put forward by Bandura would suggest that Napper has learned from those around him. In particular he witnessed his father's violence towards his mother. in later life he inflicted brutal violence on women in both rapes and murders
- - - - 'Well born', belief that humans must intervene to improve genetics, now = pseudoscience - no evidence to it
      - Why people want it ?
        
        Strengthens certain characteristics within a group eg. aggression and fighting ability, take away inferior characteristics, completely eliminate a certain race
      - Will it work ?
        
        Very unlikely that a widespread policy of eugenics will occur BUT - 2015 - due to moral and ethical reasons, a UK judge gave an order allowing a mother of six with learning disabilities to be sterilised
      - Crime control
        
        Sterilisation laws would prevent incarcerated criminals from giving birth to 'criminal' offspring - prevent criminals being born from criminals
- - - - Capital Punishment
        
        People realised they had more freedom - human rights. some of these were miscarriages of justice so the law was changed to prevent more from happening
      - Moral Panics
        
        They made everyone fear certain crimes more as the media exaggerated them and people became irrationally fearful that sentences had to be more harsh/lenient
      - Miscarriage of justice
        
        It meant that people were being sent to prison for crimes they did not commit - was unfair and so laws had to be changed to stop this from happening even more
- - - - AC3.2 -Weaknesses
        
        Ignores non-class inequalities like gender and ethnicity, there have still been many prosecutions for white collar crime
      - AC3.2 Strengths
        
        Shows the impact of law enforcement underpolicing white-collar crimes, reflects the power between social classes
      - Dog Eat Dog
        
        In capitalism - you do get rich, but someone has to lose money for you to get money eg committing corporate crimes to generate profit
      - Consumer Advertisement
        
        Capitalism pushes consumer goods at people through advertising. a lot of things that are advertised may cost too much. people want things under peer pressure- even with no money - therefore get these items through illegal means
- - - - AC3.2 - Weaknesses
        
        Did not use a control group, failed to realise that not all criminals have atavistic features and not all people with atavistic features are criminals
      - AC3.2 - Strengths
        
        First person to give criminology scientific credibility, set out the first criminal stereotypes, charles goring backed this theory with his own evidence
- - - - Norms
        
        Rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members - keeps in check deviant behaviour
      - Social Values
        
        Rules shared by most people - it is what people feel should happen
      - Mores
        
        Morals or good ways of behaving. norms that a culture would think are serious to break eg murder or sexual offences against children
    - - Laws often change due to changes in a society's culture - norms and values. eg - drink driving - never used to be seen as a v. bad thing. more accidents and advertisements against drink driving = changes in law
      - The media
        
        The media often sensationalises and exaggerates things - leads to people thinking certain crimes are worse than they really are. can create moral panics and people ignoring other crimes that may be happening more than the reported ones in the media
      - Demographics
        
        Change in people's attitudes = a change in the public perception of discrimination and race hate as a crime. taken more seriously, people are more likely to accept that these should be criminal offences
    - - Demographics
        
        Due to immigration - there was a lot of racism. new laws were made to prevent this eg race relations act 1965
      - LGBT rights - wolfenden report 1967 - people became more accepting. the report said that sexual activity between men over 21 should be decriminalised
      - Secularisation
        
        Religion is less important in people's lives than it once was. religions have generally opposed homosexuality - now, people do not let this govern them