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Cinema in the History of Media, "To collect photographs is to collect…
Cinema in the History of Media
Technological advances versus of cinema/media
SHIFT IN PERCEPTION OF TIME
The telegraph moved media's perception of time similar to the change in television when that appeared. There was a connection with other parts of the world -- weather segments, versus talking about weather in telegraphs to connect local-to-local.
The
camera obscura
was directly linked to the letterpress.
(Kittler - Optical Media - 2.2 Lanterna Magica and the Age of the World Picture)
As technology advanced, even if it was not meant for cinema and media, the more cinema grew
"The faster the turnover relative to the social average, the greater the excess profit."
(Harvey - The Fetish of Technology)
The way that technology created a faster turnover, as Harvey mentions in
The Fetish of Technology
the faster the world moved. Connects to how fast movie cuts have moved from longer scenes and pauses to faster editing and cuts.
(Harvey - The Fetish of Technology)
The
railway system
shifted the way that humans acknowledge time. Connects to how humans perceive the world when watching film, watching the window as the train moves while you are stagnant.
(Schivelbusch - The Railway Journey)
Advances outside of cinema that have shifted media/cinema
Advances within cinema that have shifted media/cinema
The process of making photographs was very slow. Taking the photograph and letting it have exposure time, as well as the chemical process. It would take days, then it shifted to hours and moved to within seconds
( Angus - Mining the History of Photography)
Photography is a way to create a memory forever -- keeps a moment alive for as long as that photograph is alive
(Kracauer - Photography (1927)).
As photography has grown from a chemical process to a digitalized process the ability to keep time stagnant has become easier. Now, photographs can live as long as that technology does.
Chronophotography allowed for still photography to have motion. It brought multiple photographs, taken seconds from each other, into a "moving picture"
(Marey - Chronophotography).
The
camera obsura
used in The Black Maria was the start of silent film
(Kittler - Optical Media - 3.1 Photography).
Film began as silent, similar to how photography began, it started as a slow process and slower shot transitions. Similar to the Chronophotography process of using photographs to create a moving picture, silent films became many photographs to create frames of film.
Silent film moved to sound film, as more technology advanced, creating the typical 24 frames per second shot. In silent film it did not matter the pacing since sound/talking was not needed
(Kittler - Optical Media - 3.2 Film).
Television then shifted the connection of humans with the world outside of their own local town as well as their towns. Telegraphs and television did a similar change -- both speak on weather
(Kittler - Optical Media - 3.3 Television)
Human emotion versus cinema and media
SHIFT IN EMOTIONS AND WHAT IT MEANS TO BE A HUMAN
Technological advances is part of being human -- the difference between humans and other species is the continuous use of technology to create emotion and change
Sound cinema has shifted the way that humans feel emotions toward the movies -- the ability to hear dialogue and music over the scene made many people cry.
(Chion - Film-A Sound Art).
Humans are the only species that uses technology, like media and film, to experience life as a spectator rather than experiencing it on their own.
Humans cry over films feeling emotions that are mimicked on screen, as a way to escape their own emotions.
"Technical media are models of the so-called human precisely because they were developed strategically to override the senses."
(Kittler - Optical Media - Preface + Ch1)
Before film, art and painting was used as an escape from reality to feel emotion or convey a human emotion.
The Slave Ship (1840), by J. M. W.
Turner
is a prime example of conveying emotion through art media to share that emotion with other humans (Steyerl - In Free Fall)*
Greek, Italian and other areas with a renaissance era changed one dimensional art, which mimicked reality in an unrealistic way, to point perspective paintings and realistic sculptures that shifted humans mirroring life.
People say art mimics life, but artists create this mirroring in order to present their emotions into a long lasting, stagnant piece that can be shared (photography, film, art, sculptures) and perspective painting can bring realism into art
(Kittler - Optical Media - 2.1 Camera Obscura and Linear Perspective)
"Post-cinematic screen are recent efforts to document and
re-interpret the meaning and function of pre-modern screens"
(Screen Genealogies - Introduction)
The shift from renaissance art to film and photography becoming part of the art world shifted the way that art was seen, humans emotional and life mirroring became more abstract in painting and realistic in film and art.
Satellite television affected the way humans felt about their connection to the world.
Our World
was a way that people could connect all of the different cultures into one.
(Parks - Cultures in Orbit)
Through
Our World
viewers witnessed countless human-experiences (like child birth, world hunger, etc) that made them realize their connection to the world as a whole rather than their individuality -- but media creates a disconnect since it is only on a screen.
(Parks - Cultures in Orbit)
Technological advances in military versus cinema and media
SHIFT IN MEDIA AND CINEMA THROUGH MILITARY TECHNOLOGY
Military advances has created a lot of media, such as the use of television and radio.
Drones have shifted the way that the military reacts. Movies like Sleep Dealer (Alex Rivera, 2008) and Eye in the Sky (Gavin Hood, 2017) that touch upon how much drones and military technology affects the way humans perceive the world.
Drones have created a new military job that surpasses the need for actual pilots for missions of capture and kill.
(Chamayou - A Theory of the Drone)
Television and news has shifted the way that humans perceive the government and war -- how much trust is put into them.
Television proved to the public that the Vietnam war was not going as great as the government was telling the U.S.
(Bernes - Logistics)
. Television and news media has changed the way the world is seen and connected the world together.
"Use perspective to detect invisible enemy artillery by artificially extending the range of vision or hearing."
(Kittler - Optical Media - 3.3 Television)
Satellite shifted the way that military interacted with their missions, the ability to control something from a far range allowed for the enemy to seem invisible.
(Parks - Cultures in Orbit)
"To collect photographs is to collect the world."
(Sontag - On Photography)