Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM, suckling, hypothalamus, leads, negative feedback…
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
-
-
THYROID GLANDS
Thyroxine: stimulate metabolism and influence development and maturation. Increase blood pressure and heart beat and metabolic rate. There is no one target organ, all organs respond.
-
Calcitonin: decreases the Ca level of blood. It stimulates Ca deposition in bones and decreases reabsorbtion of Ca in kidneys and increases excretion of Ca by urine.
-
PARATHYROID GLAND
Parathormone (PTH): stimulates the release of calcium by bones into the bloodstream. Absorption of calcium from food by the intestines. Conservation of calcium by the kidneys. Work antagonistacally with calsitonin hormone.
-
ADRENAL GLANDS
-
Adrenal Cortex Hormones:
Cortisol: influences glucose metabolism and the immune system. It stimulates the production of glucose from fats and amino acids and reduces inflammation.
-
Aldosterone: affect salt and water balance in the blood. Acts on the tubules of the kidney to stimulate reabsorption of sodium and water into the blood and excrete potassium.
Low levels of aldosterone results in Addison Disease characterized by low blood pressure, bronzing of skin and open to infections.
Androgenes: The adrenal cortex also produces small amount of steroid sex hormones; estrogen, progesteron and testosterone. Woman may have masculinization from oversecretion of adrenal males sex hormone
PANCREAS
Insulin:
-
Decrease blood glucose level. Increase the permeability of cells to take glucose except for brain cells
Stimulate conversion of glucose to glycogen as storage form in liver and muscles. Increase the glucose metabolism in cells
-
Diabetes mellitus (Type 1): Blood glucose level is above normal level. There is marked decrease in the number of beta cells in the pancreas, resulting in insulin deficiency.
Diabetes mellitus (Type 2): Enough insulin secretion but insulin receptors on target cells cannot bind to insulin. This disorder develops gradually, usually in overweight persons over the age of 40.
GONADAL SEX HORMONES
Testes Hormones: Male testes located in scrotum function as gonads and produce androgens. Testosterone is male sex hormone.
Stimulates development and maintenance of the male reproductive system. Stimulates development of male secondary sex characteristics: large vocal cords, pubic hair etc. Largely responsible for the sex drive and probably aggressiveness.
Ovarian Hormones: Estrogen is released from follicle and responsible for maintenance of the female reproductive system. Secreted at puberty stimulate maturation of ovaries and other sexual organs.
-
Necessary for egg development. Responsible for development of female secondary sex characteristics; a layer of fat beneath skin, larger pelvic girdle, etc.
Progesterone: Progesterone is an endogenous steroid and progestogen sex hormone involved in the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and embryogenesis of humans and other species. It belongs to a group of steroid hormones called the progestogens and is the major progestogen in the body. Progesterone has a variety of important functions in the body.
THYMUS GLAND
Thymic Hormone: Thymus is the primary lymphoid organ of the immune system. It secretes thymic hormone. It is needed for development of T-lymphocytes. Thymus is largest and most active during the neonatal abd pre-adolescent periods.
By the early teens the thymus begins to atrophy and thymic stroma is mostly replaced by adipose tissue.
PINEAL GLAND
Melatonin: The pineal gland, located in the brain, secretes melatonin, primarily at night. Light/dark cycles control the release of melatonin.
-
The primary functions of melatonin appear to relate to biological rhythms associated with reproduction.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-