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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM - Coggle Diagram
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
GONADAL SEX HORMONES
Testes hormones
stimulates
development and maintenance of the male reproductive system
stimulates
development of male secondary sex characteristics
largely responsible for
the sex drive and probably aggressiveness.
Ovarian hormones
responsible for
maintenance of the
female reproductive system.
secreted at
puberty stimulate maturation of ovaries and other sexual organs.
necessary for
oocyte (egg)
development
responsible for
development of female
secondary sex characteristics
Progesterone
involved in
preparing and maintaining the uterus
PANCREAS
Insulin
decrease
blood glucose level
stimulate
conversion of glucose to glycogen
works antagonistacally
with glucagon
increase
the glucose metabolism in cells
increase
permeability of cells
Glucagon
stimulates
passage of glucose
from cells
increases
absorption of glucose
in the
ileum
functions
in conservation of glycogen to glucose
works antagonistacally
with
insulin
stimulates
fat breakdown
increase
blood glucose level
Diabetes mellitus
Diabetes mellitus (Type I)
Normal blood glucose level 80-90 mg/100mL.
Insulin-dependent diabetes, referred as type I, usually develops before age 30.
Feeling very hungry - even though you are eating
Extreme fatigue
Blurry vision
Cuts/bruises that are slow to heal
Tingling, pain, or numbness in the hands/feet
Weight loss
Diabetes mellitus (Type II)
About % 90 of diabetics have type II diabetes.
develops
gradually,usually in overweight persons
over the age 40
patients with type II diabetes secrete
enugh insulin but insulin receptors cannot bind it
Patients with type II diabetes can
keep their blood sugar level normal by
managing their diets
PITUITARY GLAND
A. POSTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONES
1) Oxytocin
induces
uterine contractions
release of milk.
sends a message to the hypothalamus
via the nervous system
to release oxytocin.
2) Antidiuretic Hormone or Vazopressin (ADH)
enhances
water reabsorption
balance
osmotic pressure of blood
ADH deficiency leads to
Diabetes Insipidus (unrelated to diabetes mellitus):
Inability to concentrate the urine
leading to polyuria that is low in solutes
B.ANTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONES
Nontropic Hormones
1. Prolactin (PRL):
Stimulates
lactation
Growth of
mammary glands
Production
of milk
2. Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH):
Influences
skin pigmentation
Fat metabolism in mammals
3. Growth Hormone (GH)
promotes
growth
diverse
metabolic effects
stimulates
muscles, bones
cartilage grow
promotes
fat metabolism
Tropic Hormones
1. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Controls
secretion of hormones
from thyroid gland
Excess
TSH
2. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Controls
secretion of steroid hormones
from cortex region of adrenal glands.
3. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Stimulate
follicle growth
Production
of estrogen hormone
4.Luteinizing hormone (LH)
control
production of estrogen
production of progesterone hormones
stimulates
testosterone hormone production in testes
5. Growth Hormone (GH)
promotes
growth directly
Has diverse metabolic effects
stimulates
muscles
bones
Cartilage grow
promotes
fat metabolism
THYROID GLAND
Thyroxine
increase
blood pressure
heart beat rate
metabolic rate
production
of energy
increase
protein synthesis
during
growth
development
consumption
of oxygen
Malfunctions of Thyroxine
Hypothyroidism:
low secretion of thyroid hormones
Goiter
When the thyroid gland becomes enlarged due to diseases, iodine deficiency or tumors
Cretinism
Caused by thyroxine deficiency during childhood and characterized by impairment of mental and physical growth
Hyperthyroidism:
excessive secretion of thyroid hormones
Graves’ disease
A form of hyperthyroidism in humans characterized by weight loss, irritability, muscle weakness, sleeping problems.
Calcitonin
increases
excretion of Ca by urine
stimulates
Ca deposition in bones
works antagonistically
with parathyroid hormone
to balance
Ca in blood of mammals
decreases
Ca level of blood
reabsorbtion of Ca in kidneys
PARATHYROID GLAND
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
work antagonistacally
with calsitonin hormone
secreted from
thyroid gland
Malfunctions
Deficiency: Tetany
low Ca level
increase
excitability of nerve without rest
results
continuous muscle
Excess:
bones become.
weak and brittle
ADRENAL GLANDS
ADRENAL MEDULLA HORMONES
Epinephrine and
norepinephrine
increase
oxygen delivery
to body cells
direct blood
toward heart
brain
skeletal muscles
skin
digestive system
kidneys
trigger the release
glucose and fatty acids
ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES
i.Glucocorticoids;
Cortisol
stimulates
production of glucose
to reduce
inflammation
high levels of cortisol
results
Cushing Syndrome
influence
glucose metabolism and immune system
Cortisone:
used to
treat
arthritis
suppresess
immune system
reducing
inflammation
long term use
may trigger
infections
ii. Mineralocorticoids;
Aldosterone
affect
salt and water balance
in blood
acts on the tubules of the kidney
to stimulate
reabsorption of
sodium and water
low levels of aldosterone
results
Addison disease
iii. Androgens
adrenal cortex produces
small amounts of steroid sex hormones
estrogen
progesterone
testosterone
PINEAL GLAND
Melatonin
located in
brain
relate to
biological rhythms
Seratonin
contributor to
well being
happiness
increases
sexual desire
A negative feedback loop
inhibits
a response by reducing the initial stimulus.
regulates
many hormonal pathways involved in homeostasis.
secretes
hormones that coordinate slower but longer-acting responses
including
reproduction
development
energy metabolism
growth
behavior
THYMUS GLAND
secretes
thymic hormone
needed for
development of T-lymphocytes
HYPOTHALAMUS
regulates
hunger
thirst
body temperature
sleep