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ITALIAN AND GERMAN UNIFICATION 4.4 image, image, image, image, image,…
ITALIAN AND GERMAN UNIFICATION 4.4
NATIONALIST MOVEMENTS
unified countries
Italy
.
were divided into small states
confirmed by the Congress of Vienna
Germany
ITALIAN UNIFICATION 1859–1870
growth in Nationalism
Nationalist and liberal successes (Belgium /Greece) encouraged Italians
failure of the Revolutions (1848) encouraged nationalism/ Charles Albert wanted Italy united but was defeated
Congress of Vienna= Italia divided 7 states, some under Austrian control
Napoleon III / King Victor Emmanuel II of Piedmont-Sardinia / Cavour supported unification
unification process
beginning
in 1859
Victor Emmanuel II /Cavour extend constitutional system
by Piedmont-Sardinia
Piedmontese expelled the Austrians/help of Napoleon III
Piedmont annexed Parma/Modena/Tuscany
Italy became
Victor Emmanuel II king
parliamentary monarchy
Rome became the capital
In the south
1860: Garibaldi conquered Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
1866: took control of Venetia
1870: Rome occupied /annexed
GERMAN UNIFICATION 1866–1871
result of
German Confederation divided into 39 states: united by federal Diet/ dominated by Austria
liberal /nationalist ideas were popular in Germany/ solid political union
1834: customs union (the Zollverein)/ support political union
1848: Frankfurt Parliament create unified state /universal manhood suffrage but Austria and Prussia opposed
1862
Otto von Bismarck named Chancellor of Prussia
started the process of unification
nationalism was strong in Prussia
second phase
Bismarck defeated Napoleon III of France
Prussia annexed Alsace-Lorraine from France
German princes decided to unite with Prussia
1871
Germany =Second Reich
unification process ended
Berlin the capital
Wilhelm I emperor (kaiser)
1866
Bismarck expelled the Austrians
Battle of Sadowa
achieved the unification of the northern states
THE CONSEQUENCES OF ITALIAN AND GERMAN UNIFICATION
affected European international relations
German Empire Europe's dominant power
Austro-Hungarian Empire lost power
influence Germany
influence Italy
France was defeated
by Prussia
collapse of Napoleon III's Second Empire
Third Republic
Russian Empire expand
towards the Balkans
access to the Mediterranean Sea
Since France and the Austro-Hungarian Empire weakened
