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Italian and German unification - Coggle Diagram
Italian and German unification
Germany and Italy
divided into numerous small states
for many centuries
these divisions were confirmed by the Congress of Vienna
in the 19th century
nationalist movements
succeeded in unifying these countries
ITALIAN UNIFICATION (1859–1870)
growth in nationalism
The failure of the Revolutions of 1848
also encouraged nationalism
The King of Piedmont-Sardinia
wanted to unite Italy
Charles Albert
declared war on Austria
but was defeated
Nationalist and liberal successes in other countries
such as
Greece
Belgium
encouraged Italian nationalists
Important figures supported Italian unification
both in Italy and overseas
these included
Napoleon III
King Victor Emmanuel II of Piedmont-Sardinia
Cavour
King Victor Emmanuel II's prime minister
The Congress of Vienna
left the Italian Peninsula divided into seven states
Some of these states
were under Austrian control
including Lombardy-Venetia
The unification process was initiated by Piedmont-Sardinia
Victor Emmanuel II and Cavour
tried to extend
their kingdom's constitutional system
to other parts of Italy
this began in 1859
when the Piedmontese expelled the Austrians from Lombardy
with the help of Napoleon III
After this Piedmont annexed
Parma
Modena
Tuscany
In the south
Italian nationalists
conquered the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
led by
the prestigious politician and military leader
Garibaldi
in 1860
In 1866
Piedmontese and Garibaldi
took control of Venetia
after Austria had been defeated by Prussia
In 1870
Rome was
occupied
annexed
Italy became a parliamentary monarchy
with
Victor Emmanuel II
as its king
Rome became the capital
GERMAN UNIFICATION (1866–1871)
German unification began as a result of these factors
During the Revolution of 1848
the Frankfurt Parliament tried to create a unified state
with universal manhood suffrage
Austria and Prussia
were strongly opposed to democratic principles
so the attempt failed
liberal and nationalist ideas were popular in Germany
There was a desire
to build a solid political union
In 1834
a customs union WAS established
this economic union
encouraged support for a political union
After the Congress of Vienna
the German Confederation
was divided into 39 states
united by the federal Diet
which was dominated by Austria
Otto von Bismarck
named Chancellor of Prussia in 1862
started the process of unification
In Prussia
nationalism was strong
in addition it had a large army and a developed economy
expelled the Austrians from the German Confederation
after the Battle of Sadowa
in 1866
achieved the unification of the northern states
the second phase of unification
Bismarck defeated Napoleon III of France
who wanted to limit Prussian expansion
Prussia annexed Alsace-Lorraine from France
after
the German princes decided to unite with Prussia
In 1871
Germany became the Second Reich
Berlin became the capital
Wilhelm I became emperor
the unification process ended
THE CONSEQUENCES OF ITALIAN AND GERMAN UNIFICATION
Both unifications affected European international relations
The Austro-Hungarian Empire
lost power
influence in both Italy and Germany
France's defeat by Prussia
it led to the collapse of
Napoleon III's Second Empire
which was replaced by the Third Republic
The German Empire
became Europe's dominant power
Since
the Austro-Hungarian Empire
had been weakened by these events
the Russian Empire
decided to expand towards the Balkans
in order to
gain access to the Mediterranean Sea
France