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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM, ADRENAL GLANDS, PITUITARY GLAND, Cortisol, Estrogen,…

- - - - be useful
        
        Its stimulate metabolism and influence development and maturation. Increase aerobic respiration, therefore oxygen consumption and energy production.Increase blood pressure and heart beat rate and metabolic rate.
      - Malfunctions of Thyroxine
        
        Hypothyroidism
        
        low secretion of thyroid hormones,
        causes weight gain, lethargy, and intolerance to cold.
        
        Goiter
        
        When the thyroid gland becomes enlarged due to
        diseases, iodine deficiency or tumors, the gland is referred to
        as a goiter.
        
        Cretinism
        
        is caused by thyroxine deficiency during childhood
        and characterized by impairment of mental and physical
        growth
        
        Hyperthyroidism
        
        excessive secretion of thyroid hormones, causes high body temperature,
        weight loss, irritability, and high blood pressure
    - - Calcitonin decreases the Ca2+ level of blood
      - It stimulates Ca2+ deposition in bones and decreases reabsorbtion of Ca2+ in
        kidneys and increases excretion of Ca2+ by urine
      - Works antagonistacally with parathyroid hormone to balance calcium (Ca2+) in the blood of
        mammals
- - - - work
        
        antagonistacally with calsitonin hormone secreted from
        thyroid gland.
      - Malfunctions of Parathormone
        
        Low Ca+2 level increase excitability of nerve without rest and this results in continuous muscle
        contraction. It causes painful muscle contraction. If larynx muscles affected by this condition, results
        in death.
- - - - be useful
        
        stimulates development and maintenance of the male reproductive system
        
        stimulates development of male secondary sex characteristics: large vocal cords, pubic hair, etc.
        
        largely responsible for the sex drive and probably aggressiveness.
      - extra testosterone
        
        Testosterone also affects sweat glands, expression of baldness genes, and other effects.
    - - be useful
        
        Estrogen is released from follicle and responsible for maintenance of the female reproductive system.
        
        secreted at puberty stimulate maturation of ovaries and other sexual organs.
        
        necessary for oocyte (egg) development.
      - be useful
        
        are primarily involved in preparing and maintaining the uterus.
- - - - secretes
        
        Insulin
        
        be useful
        
        Decrease blood glucose level
        
        Works antagonistacally with glucagon to adjust blood glucose level
        
        Increase the permeability of cells to take glucose except brain cells
        
        Stimulate conversion of glucose to glycogen as storage form in liver and muscles
        
        Increase the glucose metabolism in cells
  - - - secretes
        
        Glucagon
        
        be useful
        
        Increasee blood glucose level
        
        Stimulates passage of glucose from cells (especially liver cells) into blood
        
        Functions in conservation of glycogen to glucose into liver
        
        Works antagonistacally with insulin to adjust blood glucose level
  - - - Common symptoms of diabetes
        
        Urinating often
        
        Feeling very thirsty
        
        Extreme fatigue
        
        Very hungry
        
        Blurry vision
      - There is marked decrease in the number of beta cells in the pancreas, resulting in insulin deficiency.
      - Blood glucose level is above normal level.
      - Type I diabetes is thought to be an autoimmune disease in which antibodies mark the beta cells for destruction.
      - No insulin secretion .Insulin receptors on target cells cannot be stimulated.
    - - Some patients with type II diabetes secrete enough insulin, but insulin receptors on target cells
        cannot bind to it.
      - Enough insulin secretion but insulin receptors on target cells cannot bind to insulin.
- - - - be useful
        
        Thymus is the primary lymphoid organ of the immune system.
        
        It is needed for development of T-lymphocytes
        
        By the early teens, the thymus begins to atrophy and thymic stroma is mostly replaced by adipose (fat) tissue.
- - - - be useful
        
        Primary functions of melatonin appear to relate to biological rhythms (circadian rhthym) associated with reproduction.
    - - be useful
        
        It is a contributor to feelings of well-being and happiness.
        
        It increases sexual desire.
        
        Serotonin may also be important in the neural pathways controlling mood.
- - - - Anterior pituitary
        
        LH/FSH
        
        Ovary
        
        Estrogen and progesterone
        
        Uterus
        
        Ovarian hormone feedback system
- - - - be useful
        
        They mediate various fight-or-flight responses.
        
        Trigger the release of glucose and fatty acids into the blood
        
        Increase oxygen delivery to body cells
        
        Direct blood toward heart, brain, and skeletal muscles, and away from skin, digestive system, and kidneys
- - - - Glucocorticoids,
        
        influence glucose metabolism and the immune system
        
        It stimulates the production of glucose from fats and amino acids and reduce inflammation
        
        High levels of cortisol results in Cushing Syndrome.
        
        Cortisone
        
        which is much like cortisol sometimes is used totreat arthrities
        
        It suppresses the immune system, thus reducing inflammation and attendant pain and swelling at the site of the injury.
      - Mineralocorticoids
        
        Aldosterone,
        
        It affect salt and
        water balance in blood.
        
        Acts on the tubules of the kidney to stimulate reabsorbation of sodium and water into the blood and excrete potassium.
      - Androgens.
        
        The adrenal cortex also produces small amounts of steroid sex hormones; estrogen, progesteron and testosterone. Women may have masculinization from oversecretion of adrenal male sex hormone.
- - - - be useful
        
        It induces uterine contractions
        and the release of milk.
      - alert
        
        Suckling sends a message to the
        hypothalamus via the nervous system to release oxytocin, which further stimulates the milk glands.
        
        This is an example of positive feedback,
    - - be useful
        
        Balance osmotic pressure of blood
        
        ADH enhances water reabsorption from collecting ducts in kidneys resulting less water in urine.
      - alert
        
        negative feedback mechanism
        
        Less water in blood -> hypothalamus -> ADH -> kidney -> reabsorbs water makes blood
        more dilute / makes urine more concentrated
- - - - PROLACTİN
        
        be useful
        
        It stimulates lactation, growth of mammary glands and production of milk. It also
        plays a role in carbohydrate and fat metabolism.
      - MSH
        
        be useful
        
        It influences skin pigmentation in some vertebrates and fat
        metabolism in mammals.
      - GH
    - - FSH
        
        be useful
        
        It stimulate follicle growth and estrogen hormone production during menstrual cycle in
        females
      - LH
        
        be useful
        
        It stimulate ovulation and corpus luteum formation.
        
        mans
        
        It stimulates testosterone hormone production in testes in males
        
        womens
        
        It control production of estrogen and progesterone hormones from corpus luteum in
        females
      - TSH
        
        be useful
        
        controls secretion of hormones from thyroid gland. excess TSH stimulate thyroid glands more, and more hormone produced in thyroid
        glands which eventually cause increase in tyroid gland cells and thyroid gland enlargement
      - ACTH
        
        be useful
        
        It controls secretion of steroid hormones from cortex region of adrenal glands.
      - GH
        
        be useful
        
        Growth hormone has tropic and
        nontropic actions. It promotes growth directly and
        has diverse metabolic effects. It stimulates muscles, bones and
        cartilage grow. GH promotes fat metabolism
        rather than glucose metabolism.
        
        disease
        
        gigantism
        
        dwarfism
        
        acromegaly