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Spain: The Restoration, liberalism and democratic ideas, image, image,…
Spain: The Restoration, liberalism and democratic ideas
Spain during the 19th century
It experienced similar political processes as the rest of Europe
Under the rule of Fernando VII absolutism was restored
Under the rule of Fernando VII's daughter, Isabel II, there was a liberal period
Finally, Spain went through a democratic phase when it becomed a republic
The reign of Fernando VII (1814–1833)
When Napoleon was defeated in the Spanish War of Independence, Joseph I was forced to leave Spain and Fernando VII returned
Fernando's reign was divided into three phases
The liberal phase (1820–1823)
In 1820, a coup led by Riego and Quiroga succeeded, in which Fernando VII was to reinstate the Constitution of 1812
There were some military coups, that aimed to overthrow absolutism
The ominous decade (1823–1833)
The Holy Alliance a French army named the 100.000 Sons of St Louis, that defeated the liberals
Fernando VII re-established the absolute monarchy and persecuted the liberals, although they continued to be other liberal revolts, none of them succeeded
Fernando VII asked the Holy Alliance for assistance in 1823
The absolutist phase (1814–1820)
The Cádiz Cortes wanted to uphold the Constitution of 1812, but, the absolutists wanted a return to the Ancien Régime
At the start, Fernando VII had the support of the Cádiz Cortes and the absolutists
Finally, Fernando VII agreed with the absolutists demands, so he dismissed the Cortes, abolished the Constitution of 1812 and re-established absolute monarchy
The end of the reign of Fernando VII
He replaced the Satic law, which excluded females from the line of succession, with the Pragmatic Sanction
The Pragmatic Sanction, meant that Fernando VII's daughter could be proclaimed queen, but, Fernando's brother (Carlos) wasn't happy about it and it became the source of conflict
The reign of Isabel II (1833-1868)
The regency period
When Isabel II was still too young to rule, two regents governed in her name
María Cristina Bourbon, who was her mother
General Espartero, who was a progressive
During this period, the first Carlist War took place from 1833 to1839
Carlos, was supported by absolutists and by the ones who supported the fueros. On the other hand, Isabel II was supported by the liberlas
It happened because Fernando VII's brother Carlos claimed the throne, and did not accept either the Pragmatic Sanction or Isabel II as queen
The sign of the Convention of Vergara (1839)
Isabel was recognised as Queen of Spain, and she agreed to respect the fueros of Navarra and Vascongadas
Carlos did not accept the treaty, and his son, Carlos Luis Bourbon, continued to fight for his right to the Spanish throne
The crisis and the end of Isabel II's reign
In the last years of Isabel II's reign there was a major economic crisis
It was caused by the poor harvests and a halt in railway construction, which caused the stock market to crash as railway shares collapsed
Due to all of this, unemployment increased and many small and medium investors were ruined
Isabel II's public image was damaged due to the number of political problems
The appearence of new political parties who opposed to the monarchy
The Democrats
They believed in universal manhood suffrage
The Republicans
They wanted Spain to be a republic
The manipulation of election results by successive governments
Isabel II ended with absolutism in Spain, and imposed a liberal constitutional monarchy that had its own special features
Support by the liberal political parties
Moderates and the Progressives
Isabel II favoured the Moderates, who governed for most of her reign
Approval of various constitutions
In 1837a Progressive constitution
In1845 a Moderate constitution
There was limited male suffrage throughout all her reign
Shared sovereignity
The crown retained power, but this power was shared with the Cortes, which the crown could call and dissolve
Military participation in politics
As heads of government and ministers, and also leading military revolts to acquire more power
The majority of Isabel II
Most important features of her reign
The second Carlist War (1846–1849)
It was caused by the refusal of Isabel II to marry Carlos Luis Bourbon, the Carlist claimant
At the end, the Carlists were defeated
Division of Spain in 49 provinces
The Civil Guard was created to maintain order in rural areas, and a railway law was introduced in 1855 to improve transport
The alternation of power between the Moderates and Progressives
Social instability
It was caused by the unhappy peasants over the poor working conditions
Besides, there was tension between workers and factory owners over increasing unemployment and low wages
Expropiations
They were made so that Spain could solve economic problems by paying the state's debt and breaking up large estates belonging to the church, the nobility and municipalities that were not productive and did not pay tax.
the crown hoped to create new class of landowners that would support the liberal regime by imposing this policy
There some social consequences because of this policy
The situation of the poorest peasants got worse
This happened because many common lands were also sold, so the peasants couldn't use them as pasture, hunt, fish or collect wood there
Many religious institutions stopped providing charity for poor people
Peasants could not buy the lands at auction as they did not have enough money
There were carried out by Progressive ministers, such as Mendizábal and Madoz
In 1843 Isabel II reached the age of majority to rule, although she was only 13 years old
The Democratic Sexennium (1868–1874)
Three phases of the period
The constitutional monarchy (1871 –1873)
The son of Victor Emmanuel II was named king of Spain, Amadeo of Savoy (Amadeo I)
Amadeo ended abdicating because he faced opposition from both the Republicans and the supporters of Alfonso, Isabel II's son
During Amadeo I's reign, the third Carlist War began, due to the fact that Carlos VII wasn't chosen as king
The First Republic (1873–1874)
The First Republic
The third Carlist War continued, and there were other revolts in Andalucía, Levante and Murcia that demanded the creation of a federal republic
The main problem that the republic was facing was the disagreement among the Republicans about the type of republic they wanted
Federal republic
It was ivided into 17 federal states
Unitary republic
The central government controlled the political and administrative institutions
It had many problems
It cause so much political instability that there were four different presidents in one year: Figueras, Pi y Margall, Salmerón and Castelar
The Republicans were working on a new constitution, but they did not have time to have it approved before General Pavia entered the Cortes in 1874 and have it dissolved
Finally, the Republic ended with another military revolt which aimed to bring back the Bourbons in 1874 (December)
The Cortes, proclaimed Spain a republic when Amadeo abdicated, and it was the first time that Spain wasn't ruled by a monarch
The provisional government (1868–1870)
They called the Constituent Cortes so that they could write a new constitution (The Constitution of 1869)
There was the most democratic constitution
It introduced universal manhood suffrage, freedom of religion, and guaranteed some other rights and freedoms
It established a constitutional monarchy
General Serrano (the regent) and General Prim (the head of the government) wanted a new king for Spain that wasn't a Bourbon
A military revolt began in Cádiz in 1868, led by Admiral Topete and Generals Prim and Serrano
The revolt was known as the Glorious Revolution and it was supported by the most important cities in Spain
This revolt was successful and Isabel II was forced into exile and a new political period began named the Democratic Sexennium
It was actually the first time to establish a democratic political system in Spain
