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Filipino overseas domestic workers form a collective that is invisible to…
Filipino overseas domestic workers form a collective that is invisible to the public and media. This is heavily influenced by the Philippine-U.S. history of colonization in the 20th century.
Colonization
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Exploitation
Bill Ong Hing, "Two Contrasting Schemes: Understanding Immigration Policies Affecting Asians Before and After 1965"
-- Before 1965, the U.S. government made efforts to limit the Asian population. In 1965, a restructured immigration scheme was put into place.
-- Asian workers were perceived as hardworking, submissive, and reliable, so they were desired as laborers. However, racist sentiment still viewed them as inferior and undesirable which prevented Asians from obtaining citizenship.
-- If the general population could not prevent immigrants from entering the country, they strove to make their life so difficult that they would not want to remain in the U.S. # # # # #
Yuji Ichioka, "The Early Japanese Immigrant Quest for Citizenship: The Background of the 1922 Ozawa Case"
-- "Aliens ineligible to citizenship" were unable to purchase land. Though this affected all aliens in the U.S., this was targeted towards Japanese involved in the agriculture industry.
-- This is an example of an exploitative immigration policy as described in Ong Hing's article.
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Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882
-- prevents Chinese from entering the U.S. and from obtaining citizenship
Curtis Choy, The Fall of the I-Hotel
-- This film tells the story of the Filipino community living in the I-Hotel who were forcibly evicted as part of a plan for urban renewal. #
Catherine Ceniza Choy, "Your Cap Is a Passport: Filipino Nurses and the U.S. Exchange Visitor Program"
-- As a result of the U.S. Exchange Visitor Program, a mass migration of Filipino nurses to the U.S. followed despite exploitative working conditions in the U.S. #
Sarah Maslin Nir, "The Price of Nice Nails"
-- Immigrants, some illegal, desperate to find employment work in the unregulated and exploitative system of nail salons.
-- The nail salon industry is easily exploitative because of the vulnerability of the immigrants. #
Orientalism (Othering)
Edward Said, Introduction to Orientalism
-- The "Orient" is a European invention.
-- Constructs multiple binaries: East vs West, Europe vs Orient, Self vs Other
-- Uses the body as a means of othering
Trinh T. Minh-ha, Surname Viet Given Name Nam
-- This film draws on the experiences of Vietnamese women and their struggles. #
Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965
-- Designated a total cap of 170,000 per year.
-- Raises the question of what race is and how a person's race is determined #
Warwick Anderson, "Excremental Colonialism"
-- Filipino vibrio carriers perceived as "not only the most numerous but the most insidious and dangerous sources of infection".
-- anus = Filipino, mouth = American
-- The Oriental does not merely play a carnival part but actually lives it. #
Asian American Feminist Collective, "Care in the Time of Coronavirus: A Zine"
-- This zine tackles the history of xenophobia within the health sector. #
Gary Okihiro, Introduction and Chapter 1 of Third World Studies
-- The fight for Third World Studies addresses the current continuing colonization of education.
-- Current higher ed race thinking follows abstract demarcations created by whites. The aim is for higher ed to address the masses as well as elites.
-- Non-white perceived as non-human.
-- Conquest took many forms: material, discursive, military, sexual, and linguistic. # #
"Third World Liberation Front: Notice of Demands"
-- Details the unification of colored minorities in the shared struggle for Third World Studies
Princeton University Asian American Studies Task Force 1993 Report #
Princeton and Asian American Studies: A Report by the Princeton Asian American Students Association (AASA)
A timeline of Princeton Asian American Alumni Association #
Christine Choy, Who Killed Vincent Chin?
-- In recounting the killing of Vincent Chin, the film continues the violence of colonization against the Asian American diaspora. #
Dean Saranillo, Unsustainable Empire: Alternative Histories of Hawai'i
-- Hawaii never officially relinquished their national sovereignty. They were colonized through the Reciprocity "nation-snatching" Treaty.
-- Throughout Hawai'i's modern history, the more recognizable threat to white order was not Hawaiians but yellow peril. Asian Americans are okay until they threaten the white man. #
Jaeah Lee, "Why Was Vicha Ratanapakdee Killed?"
-- This article tells the story of the Anti-Asian hate crime committed against Vicha Ratanapakdee in his killing. This racial hate crime is a continuation of colonization. #
Chiraag Bhakta, "The Whitewashing of #WhitePeopleDoingYoga"
-- Yoga is a case study in how culture gets colonized (by being appropriated).
-- Appropriation in this case is under and supported by capitalist structure.
Ma Vang, "Secrecy as Knowledge"
-- This discusses the "secret war" of 1961 to 1975 in Laos and how it continues to a significant Hmong presence in the U.S. today. # #
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Sense of Belonging
Identity
Mae Ngai, "The Immigration Act of 1924"
-- "Shift in formal language from race to national origin did not mean that race ceased to operate but rather that it became obfuscate."
-- Questioned the concept of a race and its importance in defining a person's identity.
-- Explained within the context of The Immigration Act of 1924 which is an immigration policy. #
Bhagat Singh Thind vs. US (1923)
-- Even though Thind made the sound argument that he is from the Aryan race and thus "white", the court ruled against his appeal for citizenship because of cultural differences
Trinh T. Minh-ha, "Mechanical Eye, Electronic Ear, and the Lure of Authenticity"
-- Asian American film is a product of the desire for representation, to tell the story of the Asian American experience.
-- The camera has been used in violent ways against Asian Americans (by excluding their representation), so Asian American film counters that and makes Asian Americans self-aware of the camera.
-- The content shown in the film and its framing always imply bias.
Lisa Kahaleole Hall, "Which of These Things Is Not Like the Other: Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders Are Not Asian Americans, and All Pacific Islanders Are Not Hawaiian"
-- The title explains the misnaming of the Hawaiians and of Pacific Islanders. This misrepresentation diminishes their cultural uniqueness and renders their identities invisible.
-- The "only commonality is a common historical experience as exploited people in this country". #
Amy K. Stillman, "Pacific-ing Asian Pacific American History"
-- Asian Americans, Hawaiians, and Pacific Islanders are inherently very different culturally and in other aspects. The Hawaiian and Pacific Islander cultures' unique experiences are lost when their demographics are combined with the larger umbrella of Asian Americans
-- "Tiki culture" is also commonly exoticized from the cultures of Hawai'i and the Pacific Islands. # #
"Exploring the Roots of Chicago's Queer South Asian Community"
-- The queer South Asian community has formed a niche where they can support each other and feel that they belong. #
Assimilation
Amy Uyematsu, "The Emergence of Yellow Power in America"
-- The author argues that Asians "have become white in every aspect but color".
Paul Ong, Edna Bonacich, and Lucie Cheng, "The Political Economy of Capitalist Restructuring and the New Asian Immigration"
-- Modern Asian immigrants have been reinforcing capitalist values.
-- The principles and ideals of Confucianism contribute to rapid economic development. #
Paisley Rekdal, "On Cultural Appropriation - Letters One and Five"
-- Cultural appropriation is a "set of questions on how we socially understand and represent complexities inherent to our identities".
-- Racial hoaxes reveal how race writing and reading reinforce subconscious racial stereotypes. # #
Colleen Lye, "Contradiction and Commitment"
-- Mao's concept of contradiction has influenced Asian Americans.
-- "There is a permanent equivocation about a conflict between aesthetic and political practices."
R.O. Kwong, "A Letter to My Fellow Asian Women Whose Hearts Are Still Breaking"
-- This letter was written in the wake of a string of shootings at nail salons in Atlanta where the majority of victims are Asian women and subsequent Anti-Asian hate crimes.
-- The letter speaks of finding solidarity, love, and appreciation within the Asian American collective. #