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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Ca2+ deposition in bones and decreases reabsorbtion of Ca2+ in kidneys and increases excretion of Ca2+ by urine
    - - Thyroid gland
  - - - The hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary by secreting TSRF.
        
        The pituitary secretes TSH, the thyroid gland stimulates the body cells with the hormone thyroxine.
  - - - Blood pressure and heart beat rate and metabolic rate
      - Protein synthesis during growth and development
    - - Metabolism
    - - Development and maturation
- - - - LH (Luteinizing hormone)
        
        Stimulates
        
        Ovulation and corpus luteum formation in females
        
        Testosterone hormone production in testes in males
        
        Controls
        
        Production of estrogen and progesterone hormones from corpus luteum in females
      - TSH (Thyroid-stimulating hormone)
        
        Controls
        
        Secretion of hormones from thyroid gland.
      - FSH (Follicle-stimulating hormone)
        
        Stimulates
        
        during menstrual cycle in female
        
        Follicle growth and estrogen hormone production
      - ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone)
        
        Controls
        
        Secretion of steroid hormones from cortex region of adrenal glands.
      - STH (Growth Hormone)
        
        Stimulates
        
        bones
        
        cartilage grow
        
        muscles
        
        Hormonal Disorder:
        Gigantism if secreted too much
        Nanism if secreted less
        
        Promote
        
        Growth
        
        Has diverse metabolic effects
      - MSH (Melanocyte-stimulating hormone)
        
        Influences
        
        Skin pigmentation in some vertebrates
        
        Fat metabolism in mammals.
      - LTH (Prolactin)
        
        plays a role
        
        Carbohydrate and fat metabolism
        
        Stimulates
        
        Growth of mammary glands and production of milk.
        
        Lactation
  - - - ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone or Vazopressin)
        
        ADH enhances water reabsorption from collecting ducts in kidneys resulting less water in urine.
        
        As blood becomes dilute, ADH is no longer released; this is a case of negative feedback.
        
        Balance osmotic pressure of blood
      - OXYTOCIN
        
        Induces
        
        Uterine contractions and the release of milk.
        
        Suckling sends a message to the hypothalamus via the nervous system to release oxytocin, which further stimulates the milk glands.
        
        This is an example of positive feedback, where the stimulus leads to an even greater response.
- - - - Low Ca+2 level increase excitability of nerve without rest and this results in continuous muscle contraction.
    - - Bones become weak and brittle.
    - - Increased calcium in the blood is transported to the kidneys and combines with phosphorus ions
  - - - Body's calcium balance
- - - - Stimulates
        
        Development of male secondary sex characteristics
      - Promotes
        
        Sperm formation and maturation
  - - - Prepares the female for pregnancy and maintains it
    - - Development of female secondary sex characteristics
      - regulates sexual maturation in females
- - - - Aldosterone
        
        Acts on the tubules of the kidney to stimulate reabsorbtion of sodium and water into the blood and excrete potassium.
        
        Low levels of aldosterone
        
        Addison disease
        
        Effect
        
        Salt and water balance in blood
      - Sex hormones:
        
        Secreted
        
        A very small amount of androgens
      - Cortisol
        
        Stimulates
        
        Production of glucose from fats and aminoacids and reduce inflammation.
        
        High levels of cortisol
        
        Cushing Syndrome
        
        Influence
        
        Glucose metabolism and the immune system
    - - Norepinephrine:
        
        Increases
        
        Muscle contraction in the arteries
        
        Constricting the blood vessel and raising blood pressure
      - Epinephrine:
        
        Stimulates
        
        Glycogen breakdown in liver and muscles
        
        Significant changes occur in carbohydrate and fat metabolism.
        
        In emergency situations, necessary adjustments are made in the body with the effect of the autonomic.
- - - - Decrease
        
        Blood glucose level
      - Works antagonistacally with glucagon
      - Increase
        
        Permeability of cells to take glucose except brain cells
        
        Glucose metabolism in cells
      - Stimulate
        
        Conversion of glucose to glycogen as storage form in liver and muscles
      - Secreted from beta cells
    - - Stimulates
        
        Fat breakdown
        
        Passage of glucose from cells into blood
      - Increase
        
        Blood glucose level
        
        Absorption of glucose in the ileum
      - Secreted from alpha cells
      - Works antagonistacally with insulin to adjust blood glucose level
    - - Occurs in the absence of insulin hormone
    - - Secrete enough insulin, but insulin receptors on target cells cannot bind to it.