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ITALIAN AND GERMAN UNIFICATION, image, image, image - Coggle Diagram
ITALIAN AND GERMAN UNIFICATION
nationalist movements
For many centuries
Germany and Italy had been divided
into numerous small states
These divisions were confirmed by
the Congress of Vienna
in the 19th century
succeeded in unifying these countries
German unification
Factors:
After the Congress of Vienna
the German Confederation was divided into 39 states
united by the federal Diet (parliament)
Like in Italy
liberal and nationalist ideas
were popular in Germany
There was a desire
to build a solid political union
During the Revolution of 1848
the Frankfurt Parliament
tried to create a unified state
with universal manhood suffrage
Austria and Prussia were strongly opposed
to democratic principles
so the attempt failed
In 1834, a customs union
had been established
(the Zollverein)
This economic union
encouraged support for a political union
Otto von Bismarck
who had been named Chancellor (prime minister)
of Prussia in 1862
started the process of unification
In Prussia
nationalism was strong
it had a large army and a developed economy
Bismarck expelled the Austrians from the German Confederation
after the Battle of Sadowa in 1866
achieved the unification of the northern states
In the second phase of unification
Bismarck defeated Napoleon III of France
who wanted to limit Prussian expansion
Prussia annexed
Alsace-Lorraine from France
the German princes decided to unite with Prussia
In 1871
Germany became the Second Reich
and the unification process ended
Berlin became the capital
Wilhelm I became emperor (kaiser)
Italian unification
factors caused a growth in nationalism:
The Congress of Vienna
left the Italian Peninsula divided into seven states
Some of these states
including Lombardy-Venetia
were under Austrian control
Nationalist and liberal successes
in other countries
suchs as:
Belgium
Greece
encouraged Italian nationalists
The failure of the Revolutions
of 1848 also encouraged nationalism
The King of Piedmont-Sardinia
Charles Albert
wanted to unite Italy
He declared war on Austria
but was defeated
Important figures
supported Italian unification
both in Italy and overseas
included:
Napoleon III
King Victor Emmanuel II of Piedmont-Sardinia
his prime minister, Cavour
The unification process
was initiated by Piedmont-Sardinia
Victor Emmanuel II
tried to extend their kingdom's constitutional system
Cavour
began in 1859
when the Piedmontese expelled the Austrians from Lombardy
with the help of Napoleon III
After this Piedmont annexed:
Modena
Tuscany
Parma
In the south
Italian nationalists
led by the prestigious politician and military leader
Garibaldi
conquered:
the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies in 1860
In 1866, the Piedmontese and Garibaldi
took control of Venetia
after Austria had been defeated by Prussia
In 1870 Rome was occupied and annexed
Italy became a parliamentary monarchy
with Victor Emmanuel II as its king
Rome became the capital of the new kingdom
The consequences of the unifications
Both unifications affected European international relations
The German Empire became Europe's dominant power
The Austro-Hungarian Empire lost power
influence in both Italy and Germany
France's defeat by Prussia
led to the collapse of Napoleon III's Second Empire
which was replaced by the Third Republic
Since France and the Austro-Hungarian Empire
had been weakened by these events
the Russian Empire decided to expand towards
the Balkans
