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THE POLITICAL REVOLUTIONS OF THE 19th CENTURY, image, image, image, image,…
THE POLITICAL REVOLUTIONS OF THE 19th CENTURY
The political revolutions
of the 19th century
were based on:
nationalism
democracy
liberalism
finally brought an end
to absolute monarchy
came about because many people
did not accept either the Restoration
The revolutions of 1830
Belgium
wanted independence from Holland
with which it had been united to form the Netherlands
as a result of the Congress of Vienna
These two countries had many differences:
language
religion
most Belgians were Catholics
most Dutch were Protestants
Holland imposed its politics on Belgium
until a nationalist and liberal revolution in 1830
gave Belgium its independence
Leopold I of Saxe-Coburg
became Belgium's constitutional monarch
the Restoration in France
the Bourbons had returned to the throne:
Louis XVIII ruled from 1814 to 1824
Charles X, from 1824 to 1830
Charles X
strengthened the absolute monarchy
suppressed liberties
The revolution began when
Charles X approved various decrees:
the restriction of press freedom
without consulting the Legislative Assembly
After his abdication
the assembly voted for a new king
Louis Philippe of Orleans
who ruled as a constitutional monarch from 1830 to 1848
The revolutions of the 1820s
In Spain and Portugal
there were liberal revolutions
that aimed to establish constitutional monarchies
In Portugal:
this succeeded
but in Spain absolutism was re-established
after three years of liberal rule
known as the Liberal Triennium
Greece
wanted independence from the Ottoman Empire
and in 1821 a liberal-nationalist revolution began
It was supported by other European countries
who wanted to end Ottoman power in
the Mediterranean
such as:
Russia
Great Britain
France
the Treaty of Adrianopolis
recognised Greek independence
The revolutions of 1848
marked a more radical phase of the 19th-century revolutions
as the petite bourgeoisie
workers
advocated democratic principles
that would give them access to political power
These revolutions failed everywhere except in France
In France
the petite bourgeoisie
were successful in securing democratic objectives
in particular universal manhood suffrage
workers
After Louis Philippe abdicated in 1848
the Second Republic was established
Louis Napoleon Bonaparte
was elected president
he maintained universal manhood suffrage
He staged a coup
and proclaimed himself emperor in 1852
He ruled France as Napoleon III until 1870
