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Spain: The Restoration, liberalism and democratic ideas, image, image,…

- - - - 1823–1833
      - in 1823
        
        Fernando VII
        
        asked the Holy Alliance for assistance
        
        100 000 Sons of St Louis' defeated the liberals
        
        they sent a French army
        
        re-established the absolute monarchy
        
        persecuted the liberals
      - no more liberal revolts succeeded
    - - 1820–1823
      - liberals organised military coups
        
        to overthrow absolutism
      - In 1820
        
        led by Riego and Quiroga
        
        the Constitution of 1812 was reinstated
        
        a coup succeeded
        
        freedoms that had been suppressed were guaranteed
    - - 1814–1820
      - Fernando VII agreed with the absolutists
        
        abolished the Constitution of 1812
        
        re-established absolute monarchy
  - - - replaced Salic law
        
        excluded females from the line of succession
      - his daughter Isabel became queen
      - angered Fernando's brother
        
        Carlos
        
        became a source of conflict
- - - - queen was supported by
        
        the liberal political parties
        
        the Progressives
        
        the Moderates
        
        Isabel favoured them
      - Various constitutions were approved
        
        a Progressive constitution
        
        in 1837
        
        a Moderate constitution
        
        in 1845
        
        limited male suffrage
      - shared sovereignty
        
        crown retained power
        
        shared with the Cortes
        
        crown could call and dissolve
      - military participated in politics
        
        heads of government and ministers
        
        military revolts to acquire + power
  - - - Isabel was still a minor
      - 2 regents governed in her name
        
        General Espartero
        
        a Progressive
        
        María Cristina Bourbon
        
        her mother
    - - because Carlos claimed the throne
        
        didn't accept the Pragmatic Sanction
        
        was supported by
        
        the absolutists
        
        those who supported the fueros
      - 1833–1839
      - the liberals supported Isabel II
    - - the Convention of Vergara was signed
        
        Isabel as Queen of Spain
        
        she agreed to respect the fueros
      - Carlos Luis Bourbon
        
        Carlos son
        
        continued to fight
        
        for his right to the Spanish crown
  - - - she reached the age of majority
        
        she was only 13 years old
    - - the second Carlist War 1846–1849
        
        Isabel II's refused to marry Carlos Luis Bourbon
        
        ended with the defeat of the Carlists
      - Spain's division into 49 provinces
        
        a railway law was introduced
        
        to improve transport
        
        in 1855
        
        The Civil Guard was created
      - the alternation in power
        
        between the Moderates and Progressives
        
        usually led by a military figure
      - social instability
        
        tension between workers and factory owners
        
        increasing unemployment
        
        low wages
      - expropiations
        
        to solve Spain's economic problems
        
        carried out by Progressive ministers
        
        Mendizábal (1836–1837)
        
        Madoz (1855)
        
        negative social consequences
  - - - new political parties
        
        who opposed the monarchy
        
        Democrats
        
        believed in universal manhood suffrage
        
        Republicans
        
        wanted Spain to be a republic
      - manipulation of election results
    - - unemployment increased
      - small investors were ruined
    - - caused extensive social unrest
- - - - Admiral Topete
      - Generals Prim and Serrano
    - - The provisional government
        
        1868–1870
        
        General Serrano and General Prim
        
        looked for a new king for Spain
        
        not a Bourbon
        
        Constituent Cortes
        
        to write a new constitution
        
        The Constitution of 1869
        
        19th-century Spain's most democratic constitution
        
        universal manhood suffrage
        
        freedom of religion
        
        guaranteed more rights
        
        established a constitutional monarchy
      - The constitutional monarchy
        
        1871 –1873
        
        Amadeo of Savoy
        
        son of Victor Emmanuel II
        
        King of Spain
        
        third Carlist War (1872–1876) began
        
        Amadeo abdicated
        
        faced opposition from
        
        the Republicans
        
        the supporters of Alfonso
      - The First Republic
        
        1873–1874
        
        Cortes proclaimed Spain a republic
        
        Alfonso's supporters rejected it
        
        revolts in Andalucía, Levante and Murcia
        
        a federal republic was created
        
        divisions among the Republicans
        
        alternatives
        
        federal republic
        
        divided into 17 federal states
        
        centralised / unitary republic
        
        central government would control
        
        political and administrative institutions
        
        4presidents in o1 year
        
        Figueras
        
        Pi y Margall
        
        Salmerón
        
        Castelar
        
        Republicans working on a new constitution
        
        not have time to have it approved
        
        General Pavia entered the Cortes
        
        dissolved it
        
        in January 1874
        
        another military revolt
        
        First Republic ended