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Spain: The Restoration, liberalism and democratic ideas, image, image,…
Spain: The Restoration, liberalism and democratic ideas
THE REIGN OF FERNANDO VII
Joseph I was forced to leave Spain and Fernando VII returned
his reign was divided into three phases
the liberal phase
a period of political instability followed
liberals organised military coups designed to overthrow absolutism
from 1820 to 1823
a coup led by Riego and Quiroga succeeded
in 1820
Fernando VII was forced to
to guarantee the freedoms that had been suppressed during the previous phase
reinstate the Constitution of 1812
the ominous decade
from 1823 to 1833
Fernando VII asked the Holy Alliance for assistance
in 1823
they sent a French army
the 100 000 Sons of St Louis
defeated the liberals
re-established the absolute monarchy
persecuted the liberals
the absolutist phase
Fernando VII enjoyed the support of the Spanish people
the Cádiz Cortes and the absolutists
he Cádiz Cortes hoped he would uphold the Constitution of 1812
he absolutists wanted a return to the Ancien Régime
agreed with the absolutists' demands
he dismissed the Cortes
abolished the Constitution of 1812
re-established absolute monarchy
from 1814 to 1820
at the end of his reign
proclaimed his Pragmatic Sanction
which replaced Salic law
meant that on Fernando VII's death his daughter Isabel became queen
his angered Fernando's brother Carlos
became a source of conflict
from 1814 to 1833
THE REIGN OF ISABEL II
absolutism ended in Spain with the reign of Isabel II
established a liberal constitutional monarchy
it had its own special features
The queen was supported by the liberal political parties
the Progressives
the Moderates
Various constitutions were approved
a Progressive constitution
in 1837
a Moderate constitution
in 1845
the crown retained power
this power was shared with the Cortes
the crown could call and dissolve
was called shared sovereignty
the military participated actively in politics
leading military revolts to acquire more power
as heads of government and ministers
The regency period
from 1833 to 1843
when Isabel was still a minor two regents governed in her name:
María Cristina Bourbon
her mother
General Espartero
was a Progressive
during this period the first Carlist War took place
the monarchy changed from absolute to liberal
the first Carlist War
took place because Fernando VII's brother Carlos claimed the throne
did not accept either the Pragmatic Sanction or Isabel II as queen
he was supported in the war by
the absolutists
by those who supported the fueros
the Convention of Vergara was signed
in 1839
Isabel was recognised as Queen of Spain
she agreed to respect the fueros of
Vascongadas
Navarra
Carlos did not accept the treaty
Carlos Luis Bourbon
continued to fight for his right to the Spanish crown
his son
from 1833 to 1839
THE MODERATES AND PROGRESSIVES DURING ISABEL II'S REIGN
Suffrage
Progressives
limited male suffrage but with a lower property requirement
Moderates
limited male suffrage, only those with a large amount of property could vote
Access to power
Progressives
through military coups
Moderates
through elections and royal appointment
The cortes
Moderates
Bicameral: Congress and the Senate
Progressives
Bicameral: both chambers should be elected
Supporters
Progressives
tthe middle and petite bourgeoisie
lawyers
doctors
small and medium property owner
Moderates
the nobility, the church and the wealthy bourgeoisie
Sovereignty
Moderates
shared between the monarch and the Cortes, but with royal power strengthened
Progressives
popular sovereignty: sovereignty should reside in the Cortes, and royal power should be reduced
Governments
Progressives
Progressive Biennium:
1854–1856
María Cristina's regency:
1835–1837
Espartero's regency:
1840–1843
Moderates
María Cristina's regency:
1833–1835
1837–1840
Moderate decade:
1843–1854
Moderate government:
1856–1868
The majority of Isabel II
Isabel II reached the age of majority
in 1843
although she was only 13 years old
important features of her reign include
the second Carlist War
from 1846 to 1849
the war was caused by Isabel II's refusal to marry Carlos Luis Bourbon
i they had married, the succession dispute would have ended
the war ended with the defeat of the Carlists
Spain's division into 49 provinces
the Civil Guard was created to
maintain order in rural areas
a railway law was introduced to improve transport
in 1855
the alternation in power between the Moderates and Progressives
governments were usually led by a military figure
social instability
caused by discontent among the peasants over poor working conditions
there was also tension between workers and factory owners over increasing unemployment and low wages
expropiations that aimed to solve Spain's economic problem
by paying the state's debt and breaking up large estates belonging to the church
the nobility and municipalities that were unproductive and did not pay tax
The crisis and the end of Isabel II's reign
in the last years of Isabel II's reign there was also a major economic crisis
this was caused by
a halt in railway construction
poor harvests
which caused the stock market to crash as railway shares collapsed
Isabel II's public image was damaged by a number of political problems
these included the manipulation of election results by successive governments
the emergence of new political parties who opposed the monarchy
were the Democrats
who believed in universal manhood suffrage
he Republicans
who wanted Spain to be a republic
THE DEMOCRATIC SEXENNIUM
a military revolt began in Cádiz
in 1868
led by
Generals Prim
Generals Serrano
Admiral Topete
the uprising
known as the Glorious Revolution
was well supported in all the major cities in Spain
it was successful and Isabel II was forced into exile
this period can be divided into three different phases
The provisional government
from 1868 to 1870
General Serrano
was
the head of the government
regent
General Prim
looked for a new king for Spain who was not a Bourbon
the Constitution of 1869
19th-century Spain's most democratic constitution
it introduced
freedom of religion
guaranteed a range of other rights and freedoms
universal manhood suffrage
established a constitutional monarchy
The constitutional monarchy
from 1871 to 1873
Amadeo of Savoy
the son of the Italian king, Victor Emmanuel II
was named King Amadeo I of Spain
in the end he abdicated because he faced opposition from both the Republicans and the supporters of Alfonso, Isabel II's son
during his reign
third Carlist War
from 1872 to 1876
began because the provisional government had not chosen the Carlist candidate
The First Republic
from 1873 to 1874
when Amadeo I abdicated
the Cortes proclaimed Spain a republic
this was the first time that Spain was not ruled by a monarch
faced many problems
the third Carlist War continued,
here were revolts in
Levante
Murcia
Andalucía
the main problem was
the divisions among the Republicans
they disagreed on the type of republic they wanted
were various alternatives:
a federal republic
divided into 17 federal states
a centralised, or unitary, republic
in which the central government would control all the political and administrative institutions
this caused so much political instability in the republic that there were four different presidents in one year
