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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM - Coggle Diagram

- - - - A hormone is a specific messenger molecule synthesized and secreted by a group of specialized cells called endocrine gland.
      - What Is Target Organ?
        
        The organ affected by a hormone is called target hormon.
- - - - Target organ is mammary glands
      - Production of milk
      - Growth of mammary glands
      - Stimulate lactation
      - Mothering instinct
    - - Target organ is melanocyte cells
      - Production of melanocyte pigments
      - Influences skin pigmentation in some vertebrates and fat metabolism in mammals
    - - Target hormone is all body
      - It is made up of 200 amino acids
      - It promotes growth directly and has diverse metabolic effects
      - GH promotes fat metabolism rather than glucose metabolism
      - LACK AND EXCESS OF GH
        
        During childhood
        An excess of GH can cause gigantism, while a lack of GH can cause dwarfism
        
        During adulthood
        Excess GH can cause acromegaly characterized by excess growth of facial, hand, nose, cheek bones
    - - Target hormone is thyroid gland
      - Controls secretion of hormones from thyroid gland
      - Excess TSH stimulate thyroid glands more, and more hormone produced in thyroid glands which eventually cause increase in thyroid gland cells and thyroid gland anlargement
    - - Target organ is adrenal glands (cortex)
      - Regulates the hormones which excrete in adrenal glandi cortex part
    - - Target organ is ovary(females)
      - Target organ is testes(males)
      - Stimulate follicle growth and estrogen hormone production during menstrual cycle(females)
      - Stimulate the testes(males)
      - Both FSH and LH are also gonadotropins
    - - Target organ is ovary(females)
      - Target organ is testes(males)
      - Stimulate ovulation and corpus luteum formation(females)
      - Control production of estrogen and progesterone hormones from corpus luteum(females)
      - Stimulates testosterone hormone production in testes(males)
      - Both FSH and LH are also gonadotropins
  - - - Target organs are uterus and milk glands
      - Positive Feedback
      - induces
        
        uterine contraction
        
        mammary glands for releasing milk
    - - Target organ is kidneys
      - Balance osmotic pressure of blood
      - Negative Feedback
        
        Less water in blood -> hypothalamus -> ADH -> kidney -> reabsorbs water makes blood more dilute/ makes urine more concentrated
        
        As blood becomes dilute, ADH is no longer released this is a case of negative feedback
      - ADH enhances water reabsorption from collecting ducts in kidneys resulting less water in urine.
      - LACK OF ADH
        
        ADH deficiency leads to the syndrome of diabetes insipidus
- - - - Hypothyroidism, low secretion of thyroid hormones, causes weight gain, lethargy, intolerance to cold
        
        Goiter: When the thyroid gland becomes enlarged due to diseases, iodine deficiency or tumors, the gland is referred to as a goiter
        
        Cretinism is caused by thyroxine deficiency during childhood and characterized by impairment of mental and physical growth
        
        Lack of thyroxine cause myxedema in teenage period
    - - Hyperthroidism, excessive secretion of thyroid hormones, causes high body temoerature, weight loss, irritability, and high blood pressure
        
        Graves' disease(toxic guatr) is a form of hyperthyroidism in humans characterized by weight loss, irritability, muscle weakness, sleeping problems. Radioactive iodine is used for treatment.
- - - - Target organ is kidneys
      - Affects salt and water balance in blood
      - Acts on the tubules of the kidney to stimulate reabsorbtion of sodium and water into the blood and excrete potassium
      - Low levels of aldosterone results in adisson disease
    - - The adrenal cortex also produce small amounts of steroid sex hormones; estrogen, progesteron and testosteron
      - Women may have masculinization from oversecretion of adrenal male sex hormone
    - - Prevent glucose using in respiration
      - Target organ is all body
      - High levels of cortisol results in cushing sendrome
      - Influence glucose metabolism and immune system
      - It stimulates the production of glucose from fats and aminoacids and reduce inflammation
  - - - These hormones are members of a class of compounds called catecholamines
      - They are secreted in response to stress-activated impulses from the nervous system
      - They mediate various fight or flight responses
- - - - Type 1 Diabetes: No insulin secretion. Insulin receptors on target cells cannot be stimulated
      - Type 2 Diabetes: Enough insulin secretion but insulin receptors on target cells cannot bind to insulin
- - - - Target organ is uterus, all body
      - Synthesis of female sex hormones is controlled by FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary
      - Estrogen is released from follicle and responsible for maintenance of the female reproductive system
      - Secreted at puberty stimulate maturation of ovaries and other sexual organs
      - Necessary for oocyte(egg) development
      - Responsible for development of female secondary sex characteristics; a layer of fat beneath skin, larger pelvic girdle...
    - - Target organ is uterus, corpus luteum, all body