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CULTURAL CHANGES, activity, image, image, image, image, image, image :,…

- - - - the Earth revolved around the Sun
    - - thanks to the anatomical studies of
        
        the physician Andreas Vesalius
        
        other humanists
  - - - enabled a large number of books to be printed
      - the first printed book
        
        in 1455
        
        a bible
      - new ideas reached more people through books
    - - science and arts academies were founded
      - most important ones
        
        Rome
        
        Naples
        
        Florence
      - following the example of the Ancient Greeks and Romans
      - also spread from many universities
        
        Bologna
        
        Padua
        
        Rome
- - - - Optimism and creativity
        
        religious beliefs that caused fear (the concept of sin)
        
        replaced by the belief in a better life in this world
        
        Creativity oriented towards obtaining better techniques
        
        resulted in some inventions
      - Critical thinking
        
        Humanism questioned all this previous knowledge
        
        Until then, knowledge based on
        
        tradition
        
        the great scholars or sacred texts
        
        tried to explain natural phenomena through
        
        Individual reflection: reason.
        
        Extensive studies: research.
        
        Practical demonstrations: experimentation.
      - renewed interest in classical culture
        
        classical Greek and Roman culture and philosophy became the point of reference
        
        intellectual
        
        artistic
      - The desire for knowledge
        
        didn't limit their knowledge to one special area
        
        wanted to learn about everything and be Renaissance Man
        
        the humanists possessed a great intellectual curiosity
      - Anthropocentrism
        
        human beings became the centre of philosophical reflection and artistic creation
        
        humanists continued to be Christians, they abandoned theocentrism, tried to explain reality without religion.
      - The use of vernacular languages
        
        humanists started to write their works in languages spoken in their countries
        
        examples (Italians)
        
        Dante (Divine Comedy)
        
        Petrarch (Canzoniere)
        
        Boccaccio (the Decameron)
        
        Previously, most books were written in Latin
        
        more people had access to culture and knowledge