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THE MODERN STATE, image , image , image , image , image , image , …

- - - - monarchs established a court or permanent seat
        
        for these new institutions to function well
        
        in many cases became the capital of their kingdom
      - strengthened bureaucracy
        
        composed of officials directly under their control
        
        supervised the kingdom's affairs
        
        monarchs maintained effective control of their possessions
      - centralised power
        
        create new institutions to serve them
        
        power of the centralised institutions was gradually increased
        
        autonomy of the feudal lords and special legislations introduced in the Middle Ages was gradually reduced
      - formed powerful armies of mercenaries (paid soldiers)
        
        used to subdue the nobles who confronted them
        
        prohibited the nobles from forming their own armies
        
        also created a diplomatic body to establish alliances with other states or kingdoms
- - - - stopped by the German Emperor in Austria
- - - - pioneers in the search for new trade routes