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TOPIC 2: INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOR, VALUES AND PERSONALITY - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Conservation - opposite of openness to change. People are motivated to keep the status quo the way it is. Conformity, security, and tradition are three types of values that people think about.
      - Self-enhancement - refers to how much a person is driven by their own needs. Achievement (personal success), power (power over others), and hedonism are three types of values (openness to change)
      - Openness to change - refers to a person's desire to try new things – Those who value self-direction, stimulation, and hedonism fall into three main groups: (creativity, independent thought, excitement and challenge, satisfaction)
      - Self transcendence - is a person's desire to help others and the environment. benevolence and universalism are two types of values that are important to people. Helping co-workers, especially those who are less fortunate, is one way to show these values.
    - - Individualism and Collectivism - The more important people place personal freedom, self-sufficiency, control over themselves, and being appreciated for their unique qualities, the more they value them and the degree to which people value their group membership and harmonious relationships within the group
      - Power distance - refers to the relationship between higher-ranking and lower-ranking individuals that depends on how the latter react to the former.
      - Achievement - Nurturing- Achievement oriented people desire reasonable challenges, personal responsibility, feedback and recognition. Nurturing orientation emphasizes relationships, and concern for the well being of others. These people focus on human interaction and caring rather that competition and personal success.
      - Uncertainty Avoidance - how cultures differ on the amount of tolerance they have of unpredictability.
  - - - Ethical sensitivity -
        ability to recognize the presence and determine the relative importance of an ethical issue – responsibility of everyone
      - Situational influences -
        competitive pressures and other conditions affect ethical behavior – jobs and the superior
      - Moral intensity - degree that issue demands ethical principles – misbehavior
      - Mindfulness -
        They don’t consciously think about whether their actions might be unethical.- seldom evaluate whether their action violate personal values or ethical principle.
    - - Individual Rights - The belief that everyone has entitlements that let her act in certain way in society inclusive legal rights, human rights
      - Distributive Justice - People who are similar to one another should receive similar benefits and burdens
      - Utilitarianism - Choose the option that will do the most good for the most people, and that will make the people who are affected the happiest.
    - - Ethical code of conduct
      - Ethics training
      - Ethics hotlines
      - Ethical leadership and culture
- - - - Ability
        
        the natural tendency and learned capabilities needed to complete a task successfully
        
        Learned capabilities
        The accomplished skills and knowledge
        
        Competencies
        The abilities, individual values, personality traits, and other features of people that result in superior performance
        
        Aptitudes
        A natural talent that makes people learn more efficiently and perform effectively.
        
        Person-job fit
        3 ways to match people with jobs
        :check: selecting qualified people
        :check: developing employee abilities through training
        :check: redesigning job to fit person's existing abilities
      - Role Perception
        
        The beliefs of an individual about what behavior is necessary to achieve the desired results and have an understanding about the job duties assigned to or expected from him or her.
        
        4 type
        
        Understanding the tasks to be performed.
        
        Understanding preferred behaviors to complete respective tasks.
        
        Understanding the associated importance of tasks allotted.
        
        Clarifying role perceptions
      - Motivation
        
        The internal forces impact the direction, intensity, and endurance of an individual voluntary choice of behavior.
        
        Intensity − bulk of effort allocated.
        
        Persistence − amount of time taken for the effort to be exerted.
        
        Direction − focused by goals.
      - Situational Factors
        
        the environmental conditions like given time-bound, team members, budget, and work facilities that limit or facilitate behavior.
        
        Factors that are beyond the individual’s control in the short run.
- - - - Health status - trauma, cancer
      - Stress & coping - financial, relationship
      - Development stage - achieved, delayed
      - Heredity & culture - traditions, family expatiations
      - Life experience - success, failure
    - - Self-verification
        
        Stabilizes an individual’s self concept- as an anchor to guides his thoughts and action.
      - Self-evaluation
        
        Self esteem – to which people like respect and are satisfied with themselves (page 73)
        
        Self efficacy – a person’s belief that he can successfully complete a task. Can do attitude.
        
        Locus of control – a person’s general beliefs about the amount of control he has over personal life events.
      - Self-enhancement
        
        A person's natural desire to have a positive self-image (and for others to see him in a positive light), such as being competent, attractive, lucky, ethical, and important. It has both a positive and a negative effect.
      - The social self
        
        Personal identity (internal self concept) - Consists of attributes that make us unique and distinct from people in the social groups to which we have connections.
        
        Social identity (external self concept) - People define themselves by the groups to which they belong or have an emotional attachment (Malaysian citizen, UiTM graduate, etc)
    - - Complexity - People have multiple self-concepts
      - Consistency - Improved wellbeing when multiple self-concepts require similar personality traits and values
      - Clarity - Clearly and confidently described, internally consistent, and stable across time. Self-concept clarity requires self-concept consistency