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CONTEMPORARY ART, Modernism was a precursor to minimalism, in many ways…

- - - - Ninety-Three, 2008
        
        Everson using the simplicity of 16mm film to emphasize a contrast in tone and to focus the viewer's attention on the candles. The slowness of the frame hints at labor as the candles refuse to go out.
      - Film artist who documented the everyday life of Black Americans. His work was designed for a gallery setting.
  - - - Black artist who created intricate, abstract, mixed-media paintings. He drew from his African heritage and religious history.
      - The Holy Virgin Mary, 1996
        
        Multi-media painting depicting a Black Virgin Mary in a sexualized manner. She is surrounded by pornographic butt cutouts, is shown dressed in a sexual way, and parts of the painting were made from elephant dung. The painting is controversial and found offensive by many viewers.
    - - Black artist who was involved in Hollywood art circles. He aimed to promote racial understanding in multiracial art shows and be Black voice among artists.
      - Awaken from the Unknowing, 1961
        
        Depicts Blackness as a universality
      - Birmingham Totem, 1964
        
        Birmingham Totem was a response to the 16th street Baptist church bombing, White often responded to political events in his artwork which categorizes his work as Black art.
      - Wanted Poster #6,1969
        
        White did a series of wanted posters depicting members of his community, empowering their Blackness and calling out their mistreatment
  - - - Best known for her work with paper cutouts based off literature with stereotyped Black characters. She uses silhouettes as a reference to the antebellum South.
      - The End of Uncle Tom and the Grand Allegorical Tableaux of Eva Heaven, 1995
        
        Walker uses flat characters that are sexualized stereotypes. The ambiguity of characters stands in for a narrative. Critics ask is her work betrays African Americans or is making a political stance.
    - - Black female artist who was steered away from fine arts and into crafts which are prevalent through her work and use of mixed-media. Her work is deeply spiritual (astrology, Tarot) and personal and reflects on her own experiences.
      - Mystic Window for Leo, 1966
        
        Saar commonly attached her prints to window frames to give the illusion of space and looking out. This piece speaks to Black liberation.
      - Black Girl's Window, 1969
        
        An autobiographical piece looking beyond the sphere of domesticity.
      - House of Tarot, 1966
        
        Spiritual work with a focus on the female body
- - - - Kellie Jones: "Black West, Thoughts on Art in Los Angeles"
        Black Art makes a political statement to present Black Americans as human and to counter the negative images that were perpetuating the problem.
        Black art displayed "social and political engagement; a view that art had the ability to encourage change in the world and in the viewer; separatism-- a belief in a self-contained "black aesthetic" walled off from white culture."
  - - - Feminist artist who did live performances and film art, she put herself in very vulnerable positions and created graphic and controversial art
        
        Up to and Including Her Limits, 1973-77
        
        Schneeman was in an harness hanging from the ceiling and swung around creating marks on the floor and walls while completely naked
        
        Interior Scroll, 1975
        
        Schneeman performed in front of an audience and pulled a scroll out of her vagina and then began to read it to the audience
        
        Fuses, 1967
        
        16mm film that is a sex tape of Schneeman and her boyfriend, the bodies fuse together and the film is intended to be empowering rather than to demean sex, though Schneeman received a lot of criticism about the piece
    - - Disabled artist who did performance art reclaiming her body and the things that had been done to it, especially by medical professionals
      - Cutting the ties that Bind, 1987
      - Stories of a Body, 1990
        
        Unclothed, and unarmed body, an emphasis of vulnerability
    - - Performance artist who relied on audience participation, she put herself in vulnerable positions to allow the audience to make the statement on how women are violated
      - Cut Piece, 1964
        
        Audience members came up to Yoko Ono and cut off pieces of her clothing to take home with them, Ono was left naked and exposed to the viewers
- - - - What is minimalism?
        "The artists made work that was opposed to being decorative or functional in the first place."
        Minimalism allowed a distance between the artist and the artwork that many viewers struggled with. Artists would commonly come up with an idea, commission a specialist to make it, and then claim the work as their own.
        "The art object did not have to represent anything, document reality, or even communicate the artist’s individuality. It was enough to generate a presence, to become part of the world, and the viewer should appreciate the work as such."
        Minimalist artists, particularly Donald Judd, did not want to define themselves as minimalists and thought that the term made their art seem like a cop-out. Though many people did see it as such because of its seeming simplicity. In reality, minimalist art may come across as simple but artists make very calculated decisions to reach their desired outcome.
        "A Short History of Minimalism" by Kyle Chayka
      - Donald Judd
        
        An early minimalist who hated the term "minimalism" and often fought against it. He is known for creating large geometric and abstract sculptures.
        
        Unititled, 1971, Anodized Aluminum
        
        15 Untitled works in concrete, 1980-84
        
        100 untitled works in mill aluminum, 1982-86
      - Readymade Sculpture:
        -Popularized by the artist Marcel Duchamp who made sculptures out of found objects, typically everyday items
        -Thought of as a precursor to minimalism
        
        Bicycle Wheel
      - Tony Smith
        
        Architect, painter, and sculptor
        Revolutionized sculpture in its size and minimalism using his roots in architecture
        Experimented with material and pushed the limits of what was possible
        
        Die, steel with oiled finish, 1962
        
        The Elevens are Up, steel, 1963
        
        Smoke, aluminum painted black, 1967
    - - Modernist sculpture tends to be siteless and void of meaning
    - - Cubi XII, 1963
    - - Early One Morning, 1962
      - Sun Feast, 1969/70
        
        Anthony Caro Website
  - - - Site-construction sculpture artist who experimented with temporary work that hinted at or was in anoutdoor space. She photographed her temporary works and then moved to new projects. She was interested in the "conjunction between the built environment and the natural land."
      - PERIMETERS/PAVILIONS/DECOYS
        An earthwork done by Mary Miss that leaves the viewer uncertain, bodes the viewer to interact with the leaning ladder, and explore the sculpture that hides below the ground's surface
    - - Earthwork artist who worked alongside his wife Nancy Holt. He hired teams to help create large site constructions. He was very particular about the sites he chose and did a lot of research prior to his constructions.
      - Spiral Jetty, located at the Great Salt Lake in Utah, April 1970
        The artwork is entirely dependent on the environment and changes frequently with the weather and water levels. At times, the jetty becomes encrusted in salt deposits.
      - Partially Buried Woodshed, Kent State University, 1970
        Smithson and his crew dumped 20 truckloads of dirt on top of the woodshed then let it collapse over time and change the appearance of the artwork.