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Cancer: Studies of Association, Prevention strategies - Coggle Diagram
Cancer: Studies of Association
European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study
Observational study on over 500,000 participants over 15 years
Investigates relationship between various factors and cancer
Diet, nutritional status, lifestyle, environment
Trichopoulou et al 2005
Adherence to Mediterranean diet can improve survival in study of 70,000 elderly
Med diet High in nuts, seeds, fibre, omega 3, low in sat fat and red meat
Schutze et al 2011
13% of total cancer incidence attributable to former and current alcohol consumption esp when higher than rec upper limit
Rec: 2 drinks/day men, 1 drink/day women
Liver n other cancers
Loads more info on website
Nurses' Health Study and Health Professionals Follow-up Study
Reduced risk of prostate cancer in men consuming highest amounts of tomato products (lycopene)
Lycopene red, caratenoid, anti-oxidant, ideal intake unknown but roughly 6mg/day, accumulates in prostate
Reduced risk of colon cancer in adults consuming higher amounts of calcium
Fatty acids and bile acids promote cell proliferation in colon and calcium binds to them which are excreted (cell proliferation key in carcinogenesis)
Prevention strategies
Tobacco Control
(Most recent world cancer report) Smoking prev decreased in most regions but estimated 2.4M tobacco related cancer deaths occur per year
High income class
Reduced smoking prev has reduced lung and laryngeal cancer in men and younger women
Low&Middle income class
80% smokers in this class, disease burden ^due to population growth and the aging of long-term continuing smokers
Smoking causes oxidation which produces more free radicals leading to change/mutation in DNA leading to cancer development
Screening
Ireland
BreastCheck (Programme 2019)
167,515 women screened,6,823 women called for re-assessment, 1,151 cancer detected,6.9 cancer detected per 1,000
Offered every 2 years
CervicalCheck
Every 3 years 25-60 y/o
2 step process
Check cells for HPV and abnormal cell changes
More info website
BowelScreen
Males and females 60-60 every 2 years (home testing kit checking for blood in poo) look up more info
https://www.breastcheck.ie/sites/default/files/bcheck/documents/BC-PR-PM-12-Rev0-BreastCheck-Programme-Report_2018_and_2019.pdf
Vaccination
Ireland: HPV vaccine protects against the HPV virus which can cause cancer and genital warts in both women and men.
More info:
https://www.hse.ie/eng/health/immunisation/pubinfo/schoolprog/hpv/about/
Nutrition/Diet/PA/Body weight
Single strategies have limited effect and ^ health inequalities
Australia
Cancer Prevention Policy (Cancer Council Australia)
Specific recommendations for national action including programs and strategies to reduce incidence of specific cancer types
Increased taxes on tobacco (banned in many places like playgrounds get more info)
Develop integrated national food and nutrition plan to improve the availability of affordable, accessible nutritious food
Eradication/phasing out of solariums
Phasing out exposure of young people to promotion of alcohol
She had a figure on smoking prev in australia decreasing as measures were put in
Additions of smoke-free dining, graphic health warnings on packs has reduced smoking prev
