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The political revolutions of the 19th century, image, image, image, image,…
The political revolutions of the 19th century
These revolutions
finally brought an end to absolute monarchy
came about because many people did not accept either the Restoration or the return of the Ancien Régime
were based on liberalism, nationalism and democracy
THE REVOLUTIONS OF THE 1820S
In Spain and Portugal
there were liberal revolutions that aimed to establish constitutional monarchies
In Portugal this succeeded
in Spain absolutism was re-established after three years of liberal rule known as the Liberal Triennium
Greece
wanted independence from the Ottoman Empire
in 1821 a liberal-nationalist revolution began
It was supported by other European countries who wanted to end Ottoman power in the Mediterranean
Treaty of Adrianopolis
In 1829
A treaty which recognised Greek independence
THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1830
Belgium
a nationalist and liberal revolution in 1830 gave Belgium its independence
Holland had imposed its politics on Belgium
Holland and Belgium had many differences
most Dutch were Protestants
most Belgians were Catholics
wanted independence from Holland, with which it had been united to form the Netherlands as a result of the Congress of Vienna
Leopold I of Saxe-Coburg became Belgium's constitutional monarch
During the Restoration in France
the Bourbons had returned to the throne
First Louis XVIII (1814 -1824)
followed by his brother, Charles X (1824-1830)
He strengthened the absolute monarchy
He suppressed liberties
The revolution
It begans when when Charles X approved various decrees without consulting the Legislative Assembly
After his abdication, the assembly voted for a new king
They chose Louis Philippe of Orleans
Charles X's cousin,
He ruled as a constitutional monarch
1830-1848
THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1848
1848 marked a more radical phase of the 19th-century revolutions
the petite bourgeoisie and workers advocated democratic principles that would give them access to political power
France
These revolutions failed everywhere except in France
the petite bourgeoisie and workers were successful in securing democratic objectives (universal manhood suffrage)
The Second Republic was established
After Louis Philippe abdicated (1848)
Louis Napoleon Bonaparte
Napoleon's nephew
was elected president
He staged a coup and proclaimed himself emperor (1852)
He ruled France as Napoleon III until 1870, although he maintained universal manhood suffrage
