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KNOWLEDGE, POPPER, LOCKE, KANT, HERMENEUTICS, LOGICAL POSITIVISM,…

- - - - peripatetic axiom
      - Aristotle's unmoved mover
        
        creation and decay
    - - epistèmè
      - causal reasoning
        
        syllogisms
    - - universal concepts
      - intuitive induction
        
        rationalistic element of epistemology
        
        four types of causes, the final cause involves reason
        
        necessary truths through ratio
- - - - panta rhei
      - senses
    - - allegory of the cave
      - Ideas do not change
        
        anamnèsis of Ideas
        
        knowledge
        
        immortal soul
    - - reincarnation
- - - - dogmatic thinking
- - - - reintroduces inductivism
  - - - the scientific method contains conjectures of refutations, or trial and error
- - - - truth, verifiability, and confirmability fail as possible demarcation criterion
      - Oedipus complex
      - a true scientist accepts the risk of being wrong
    - - predictions such as ''it will rain, or not'' are not informative
    - - renders a theory unscientific
- - - - empiricist problem
      - you observe the properties of the substance
      - how can you have knowledge about the substance?
- - - - 12 is not logically contained in 5 + 7 , but can be confirmed independent of the senses
- - - - space and time
- - - - results are always subjective as a result of the scientist's background
      - verstehen is not a scientific method, seeing as Dilthey said science should be objective
      - Verstehen does not abide by the requirements of the deductive-nomological model
      - at most, Verstehen could be a source for generating hypotheses
      - social sciences describe historically unique events, and they are not like natural sciencces (pursuing universal knowledge)
- - - - Verstehen has a place in social sciences
- - - - tautologies
  - - - the senses can serve as a foundation for science
      - this makes philosophy meaningless
      - science becomes meaningless, because you cannot completely verify a claim
    - - accepts about everything as science
- - - - empirical data fits all the relevant theories
- - - - possible according to empiricists
      - not possible according to Wittgenstein II
      - radical change of rules leads to inconsistency
- - - - solving the problems
      - scientific revolution
- - - - crisis of paradigm
- - - - theories that have been successful in the past can no longer be rejected
- - - - rejecting metaphysics
    - - Ronald Giere
      - empiricism is not an adequate philosophy of science
        
        many unobservables are found to exist
        
        only pragmatic reasons
      - only epistemic reasons are good reasons to believe unobservables exist
- - - - we have good reason to believe that a hypothesis is the only satisfactory explanation
    - - of which one alternative is the most probable cause
- - - - our predictions are successful
- - - - theory-ladenness is not a serious threat
    - - automatic thinking (system 1)
      - learned thinking (deliberate, system 2)
- - - - overconfidence bias
      - illusion of control
      - hyperactive pattern detection
      - success bias
- - - - Gigerenzer
        
        heuristics produce true beliefs, as long as they are applied to an ecologically valid context
        
        otherwise, switch to system 2
    - - overestimation of casual effects
      - hyperactive agency detection
  - - - peer review and open criticism
      - avoiding distorted statistical anomalies
      - emotional distortion is minimised because of rival research groups
- - - - visual illusion of the sun going down
    - - ancient philosophical schools
    - - e.g. extreme conservatism vs. extreme progressiveness
  - - - good science uses observation and rational inference
- - - - Cogito ergo sum
        
        rationalist foundation
    - - gain knowledge about the physical world
      - God exists
        
        a res cogitans and a res extensa
- - - - simple ideas
        
        experience of white gives you the idea of white
      - complex ideas
        
        experience of seeing a city
        
        idea is thinking of that city
  - - - blending
    - - reduce complex ideas into known simple ideas
- - - - constant conjunction
      - reason is a slave of our passions
- - - - we must accept other methods as sources of knowledge
  - - - if you would, you would be claiming the supremacy of one theory over the other