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Industrialization, Tenements - Coggle Diagram

- - - - caused severe sanitary issues
        
        Caused the quick spread of diseases like cholera. as well
        
        Caused the rapid spread of diseases like cholera and other health menaces such as fire, crime, and violence.
  - - - Women were encouraged by advertisements to buy household products that would "make the home a husband's place of respite from a harsh modern world."
      - Pamphlets instructed middle-class women on how to care for the home, raise children, and behave in polite society and urged them to be pious, submissive, pure, and domestic.
      - The cult of domesticity was very taxing for middle-class women, as they had to manage the household, care for their children, and work full time.
      - Industrialization spurred feminism. As men left a community to take a job, their absence opened up new opportunities for the women who remained home. One political sign of this feminism came in 1848 at Seneca Falls, New York, when 300 people met to call for equality for women.
  - - - Neighborhoods were ravaged by diseases like cholera and typhoid.
- - - - Steam Engine and then the internal combustion engine
      - Powered railroads, ships, and factories, increased access to resources and increased the distribution of goods those resources helped produce
    - - The version of the steam engine made by James Watt in 1765 provided an inexpensive way to harness coal power to create steam, which generated energy for machinery in textile factories. Steam was later producing power for steam powered trains.
      - WATER TRANSPORTATION
        
        Steamships revolutionized sailing.
        
        Coal-powered steam engines could be built anywhere, and could be used on ships and trains. Additionally, engines could be turned on by people when needed and turned off when not, unlike wind. Therefore, ocean-faring ships and boats were no longer dependant on winds for power, and steam-powered ships were able to travel quickly upstream on rivers instead of having to sail up (or be towed by people and animals along the shore).
        
        Steam-powered ships replaced sailing ships in worldwide travel. Coaling stations were established as refueling points at critical locations on trade routes.
      - The use of coal made energy production mobile and inexpensive
      - IRON
        
        Coal power enabled the mass production of iron. Cast iron and wrought iron were produced as a result and each had a valuable component in transportation and industry.
    - - Key players: United States, Great Britain, and Germany
      - STEEL PRODUCTION
        
        The Bessemer Process made possible the mass production of steel, and alloy of iron and carbon. Steel became the strong and versatile backbone of the industrial society.
      - OIL
        
        The first commercial oil wells were drilled in the mid-1800s, tapping into a vast new resource of energy. Petroleum was a fossil fuel. And, at first, its most important product was kerosene, which was used for lighting and heaters. In 1847, inventors developed chemical techniques to extract kerosene from petroleum. These techniques led to other developments, such as precision machinery and the internal combustion engine, which led to automobile and airplane technologies. With the introduction of automboiles in the early 1900's, gasoline became a more important product than kerosene.
      - ELECTRICItY
        
        In 1882 in london, the first public power stations began production. Electrification led to street lighting and electric street trains in the 1890's.
      - COMMUNICATIONS
        
        The development of electricity and electronics helped lead to important developments in communication technology. A patent for the the telephone was issued to Alexander Graham Bell in 1876. Early phone systems were notoriously low in quality, but Thomas Edison's design of a refined voice transmitter in 1886 made telephone use more practical.
        
        Radio developed after the experiments of Italian physicist Gugliemo Marconi, who, in 1901, was able to send and receive a radio signal across the Alantic Ocean. Radio became a form of popular mass media with a massive impact.
    - - Railroads, steampshis, and the telegraph (a new invention) made exploration, development, and communication possible.
        
        The telegrapgh allowed immediate communication.
        
        The construnction of railroads, including the Transcontinental Railroad (connected the Altantic and Pacific oceans when it was completed in 1869) facilitatd U.S. Industrial growth. Like the canals, railroads were heavily subsidized by public funds. The vast natural resource of the United States (among them timber, coal, iron, and oil) and the ability to transport them efficiently contributed to the development of the United States as an industrial nation.
        
        Whereas earlier trade and migration often centered on coastal cities, these inventions opened up exploration and development to the interior regions of the globe. Acess to these areas increased trade and migration.
      - The desire for capital was a driving force both domestically and abroad. Those previously mentioned products of industrialization (railroads, steamships and the telegraph) directly linked farmers, miners, manufacturers, customers, and investors globally for the first time.
        
        With those developments, countries like Great Britain, Germany, and the United States intensified Industrialization, increasing the need for resources. Industrialized countries sought to establish colonies in order to protect their acess to resources and markets.
  - - - Provided a fountational text in support of capitalism and the establishment of private entrepreneurship and shaped the economics and politics of the industrial age and the centuries to follow.
      - Mercantilism was replaced by laissez-faire, a policy that promoted minimal governmental involvement in commerce and encouraged countries to reduce tarrifs on trade.
    - - Some manufacturers formed giant corporations - which is a business chartered by a government as a legal entity owned by stockholders - in order to minimize risk.
        
        Stockholders might receive sums of money (dividends) from a corporation as it makes profit. If said corporation experiences a loss or goes bankrupt, the stockholders are not liable for the losses.
      - MARKETS WITH ONE SELLER: Some corporations became so powerful that they formed a monopoly, which is the control of a specific business and elimination of all competition.
      - COMPANIES WORKING ACROSS BOUNDARIES
        
        Companies could invest in projects that stretched across borders overseas, such as a railroad project that was to stretch from Cape Town to Cairo. The project would connect all of the British-held colonies with a transportation network, which would make governing easier. This project was invested in by Cecil Rhodes, founder of De Beers Diamonds. Most African railway workers were natives who were paid far less than their european counterparts. So, railroad technology provided a means to extract as many resources as possible from subject lands while paying colonial laborers as little as possible.
        
        De Beers was one example of many transnational companies (those that operated across national boundaries) that emerged in the 19th century. Transnational companies were able to achieve a degree of wealth and influence rarely scathed before.
      - Corporations differs from the two other major forms of business ownership, these being a sole proprietorship and a partnership, as provides a more flexible structure for large-scale economic activity. By spreading risk, investments became much safer and more attractive.
        
        They became a common form of business organization, and eventually dominated many areas of business, from banking to manufacturing to providing services. In accordance with their growth, corporations gained great economic and political power, as they could, for example, create thousands of jobs by creating a factory.
      - Banking and finance
        
        A way to further reduce risk was through insurance (especially marine insurance). The number of banks rose as merchants and entrepreneurs looked for a reliable place to deposit money and to borrow it when needed.
    - - CONSUMERISM
        
        A culture of consumerism and leisure developed among the working and middle classes of society in Great Britain.
        
        For some, living standards rose.
        
        As consumption needed to keep up with production, produces began to advertise heavily (especially towards the middle class whose members had some disposable income).
        
        Leisure activities baecame popular during the 1800s, with biking and boating being particularly common.
        
        The penny-farthing bicycle was replaced by the safety bicycle in the 1880s.
        
        Companies incentivised their workers to engage in athletics as they believed it promoted virtues such as self-discipline and playing by the rules.
        
        Due to the workers dull and dreary work environments, activities such as these became an important escape. Sports like Football dominated in Europe while Baseball did so in the United States.
        
        The commercialization of public culture could be observed in the construction of music halls and public parks, which would accomodate a wide range of social classes. This mingling of the classes were intended to provoke an emulation of higher class behavior.
- - - - Even tough the idea seemed controversial at the time, later many ideas of this philosophy would be used in industrial societes.
      - His philosophy was called utilitarism and it sought the greatest good for the greatest number of people.
    - - Marx thought that capitalism was an advance on feudalism because it produced tremendous wealth but also poverty and misery.
        
        For Karl Marx capitalism should be replaced by socialism. Which later by its final stage of economic development by communism.
      - The proletariat was essentially the working clas. The bourgeoisie was the middle class and investors who ownerd machinery and factories.
        
        Marx stated that marked competition drove the bourgeoisie to exploit the proletariat for the sake of higher gain. Since the bourgeoisie owned the means of production such as factories they recieved most wealth. The proletariat that worked the hardest in a dangerous place and conditions had very little to survive.
        
        Marx said that the proletariat should be recognized and take part of control od the means of production and share the wealth tehy creted fairly.