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Italian and German unification
The German and Italian unification
For many centuries, Germany and Italy had been divided into states, as a result of the Congress of Vienna
In the 19th century, they were finally unified after some nationalist movements
Italian unification (1859–1870)
Nationalism grow because of different factors
Important figures supported Italian unification
The failure of the Revolutions of 1848 encouraged nationalism. Because of that, the King of Piedmont-Sardinia wanted to unite Italy and after declaring war to Austria, it was defeated
They were nationalist and liberal succeses in other countries which encouraged Italian nationalists
The Congress of Vienna left the Italian Peninsula divided into seven states, and some of them were under the control of Austria
The process of unification in the north of Italy
It was started by Piedmont-Sardinia
Victor Emmanuel II and Cavour tried to extend their kingdom's constitutional system to other parts of Italy
In 1859, the Piedmontese expelled the Austrians from Lombardy with the help of Napoleon III
Finally, Piedmont annexed Parma, Modena and Tuscany
The process of unification in the south of Italy
Italian nationalist, which were led by Garibaldi, conquered the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies in 1860
Then, Piedmontese and Garibaldi took control of Venetia after Austria was defeated by Prussia in 1866
Finally, Rome was occupied and annexed.in 1870
After the unification, Victor Emmanuel II became the king and Italy became a parliamentary monarchy, with Rome as capital
German unification (1866–1871)
The factors that caused the start of the German unification
During the Revolution of 1848, the Frankfurt Parliament tried to create a unified state with universal manhood suffrage, but as Austria and Prussia were opposed, it didn't succeed
In 1834, a customs union was established, and it encouraged support for a political union
Nationalist and liberal ideas were very popular at the time, and they aimed to build a solid political union
As a result of the Congress of Vienna, the German Confederation was divided into 39 states, united by the federal parliament, dominated by Austria
The unification process (1st phase)
After the Battle of Sadowa in 1866, Bismark, xpelled the Austrians from the German Confederation and unified the northern states
In 1862, the prime minister of Prussia, Otto von Bismarck started it
2nd phase of the unification process
Prussia annexed Alsace-Lorraine from France and because of this victory, the German princes decided to unite with Prussia
In 1871 the unification process ended and Germany became the Second Reich
Bismarck defeated Napoleon III of France, because he wanted to limit Prussian expansion
After the unification, Berlin became the capital and Wilhelm I became emperor
The consequences of Italian and German unification
The German Empire became Europe's dominant power
When Prussia defeated France, it collapsed and caused the replacement of the Second Republic to the Third Republic
Both German and Italian unifications affercted European international relations
The Russian Empire expanded towards the Balkans to gain access of the Mediterranean sea, now that France and the Austro-Hungarian Empire had been weakened
The Austro-Hungarian Empire lost its power and influence over Italy and germany
