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Liberalism, nationalism and democracy
LIBERALISM
the origins
Enlightenment ideas
British liberalism
social point of view
represented the interests of the bourgeoisie
they fought to maintain the political rights that they had gained in their countries
is an ideology that advocates individual liberties
the right to
chose political representatives
own private property
life
freedom of expression and association
the key principles which 19th-century liberals supported were:
constitutional monarchy
the form of government
the separation of powers
with executive power held by the monarch and the government, legislative power held by the cortes or parliament and judicial power held by the court
constitutions
guaranteed citizens' rights and liberties
popular sovereignty
through limited male suffrage based on property ownership
individual liberties
such as freedom of association and expression, freedom of the press, and freedom of religion
NATIONALISM
nationalism originated in the struggle of many European countries against the Napoleonic Empire
The key principles that 19th-century nationalists supported were:
each nation should choose its own form of government
popular sovereignty
all citizens would feel part of the nation
the nation-state based on a population with common links
history
language
culture
advocates the right of people who define themselves as a nation to form independent states
the two types of nationalism in 19th-century Europe
Unification nationalism advocated the unification of independent states with a common language and history
Separatist nationalism advocated independence for regions that formed part of multinational states
DEMOCRACY
advocated ordinary people's right to participate in politics
their supporters wanted to end the social and economic inequalities produced by bourgeois liberalism
rejected the limited male suffrage imposed by the wealthy bourgeoisie
labourers
peasants
the petite bourgeoisie
the key principles that 19th-century democrats supported were:
a preference for the republic as a form of government
since they considered hereditary monarchy to be incompatible with democracy
universal manhood suffrage
they thought all men should have the right to vote
the people would be able to vote for the political party that best represented their interests
