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The restoration
Political revolutions of the 19th century
political revolutions
based
nationalism
democracy
liberalism
end to absolute monarchy
why
people didn't accept restoration/Ancient Regime
Revolutions of 1820s
Spain and Portugal
liberal revolutions
establish constitutional monarchies
succeeded in Portugal
absolutism was re-established in Spain
after Liberal Triennium
Greece
independence from Ottoman Empire
liberal-nationalist revolution
1821
supported by European countries
Great Britain
France
Russia
Treaty of Adrianopolis
1829
Greek independence
Revolutions of 1830
Belgium
independence from Holland
united
Congress of Vienna.
differences
language
religion
Catholic
protestants
Leopold I of Saxe-Coburg
constitutional monarch
1830
Holland imposed its politics
nationalist and liberal revolution
Restoration in France
Bourbons returned to the throne
Louis XVIII
1814 to 1824
Charles X
his brother
1824 to 1830
strengthened the absolute monarchy
suppressed liberties
The revolution
Charles X approved various decrees
restriction of press freedom
no consulting the Legislative Assembly
after they voted for a new king
Louis Philippe of Orleans,
constitutional monarch
1830 to 1848.
Revolutions of 1848
radical phase
democratic principles
who
workers
petite bourgeoisie
access to political power.
failed everywhere
except France
France
succesful in securing democratic objectives
universal manhood suffrage
Second Republic
1848
Louis Philippe abdicated
Louis Napoleon Bonaparte president
ruled as Napoleon III
until 1870
maintained universal manhood suffrage.
proclaimed himself emperor
1852
staged a coup
Italian and German Unification
nationalist movements
divided into small states
confirmed by the Congress of Vienna
succeeded
unifying countries
Italian Unification
factors
The Congress of Vienna left
divided into 7 states
Lombardy-Venetia
under Austrian control
Nationalist and liberal successes
encouraged Italian nationalists
Greece
Belgium
failure of the Revolutions 1848
unite Italy
King of Piedmont-Sardinia
Charles Albert
Important figures supported
included
King Victor Emmanuel II of Piedmont-Sardinia
Cavour
Napoleon III
Italy /overseas
unification proces
initiated
Piedmont-Sardinia
extend their kingdom's constitutional system
Victor Emmanuel II
Cavour
1859
Piedmontese expelled the Austrians
help of Napoleon III
Battles
Magenta
Solferino
annexed
Modena
Tuscany
Parma
south
Italian nationalist
led by Garibaldi
conquered the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
1860
1866
Piedmontese and Garibaldi
control of Venetia
after Austrias lost by Prussia
1870
Rome was occupied
parliamentary monarchy
Victor Emmanuel II as its king
Rome capital
German Unification
factors
customs union
1834
the Zollverein
encouraged support for a political union
liberal and nationalist ideas
popular in Germany
desire to build a solid political union
After the Congress of Vienna
German Confederation divided int 39 states
dominated by Austria
united by the federal Diet
1848
unified state
universal manhood suffrage
Frankfurt Parliament
opposed to democratic principles
Austria
Prussia
Otto von Bismarck
Chancellor
1862
prime minister
process of unification
Prussia
nationalism was strong
large army
developed economy
expelled the Austrians
from German Confederation
after Battle of Sadowa
1866
achieved the unification
second phase of unification
Bismarck defeated Napoleon III of France
limit Prussian expansion
Prussia
annexed Alsace-Lorraine from France
German princes decide to unite
1871
Germany =Second Reich
unification process ended
Berlin capital
Wilhelm I emperor
Consequences
European international relations
German Empire=Europe's dominant power
Austro-Hungarian Empire lost power
Incluence
Germany
Italy
collapse of Napoleon III's Second Empire
France's defeat by Prussia
replaced by the Third Republic.
Russian Empire
weakened by these events
France
Austro-Hungarian Empire
expand towards the Balkans
gain access to the Mediterranean Sea
