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Seeing Visual Culture, black skin not showing up on film, This orange…

- - - - Franz Fanon, "The Fact of Blackness" - "Sealed into that crushing objecthood" (257)
      - Dawoud Bey, "Night coming Tenderly, Black" - the dark tones deject the uncertainty of the fleeing slaves as they travel north with the help of the Underground Railroad.
      - Shawn Smith, Photography, Darkness, and the Underground Railroad.- anti-black violence and racial injustice was shown in the display. "The curated images make visible the coterminous histories of photography and the African American freedom struggle"
    - - Trevor Paglen, Invisible Images - "engineers at Google decided to deactivate the “gorilla” class after it became clear that its algorithms trained on predominantly white faces and tended to classify African Americans as apes"
      - Syreeta McFadden, "teaching the camera to see my skin" - photography has an inherited bias against dark skin. The film stock's failures to capture dark skin was a choice. They could have had it more sensitive to the color brown but they weren't looking beyond white consumers.
        
        Carrie Mae Weems, Colored people, slow fade to black. The photos have to be taken in black and white and then a filter of color added because for photos taken with color, the black skin tone cannot be picked up by the camera because cameras are made for white consumers.
    - - Richard Dyer, "White" - whiteness has been treated as invisible and it's a code for normalcy on screen. As long as whiteness is rendered invisible, it will we the default.
      - Ralph Ellison, Invisible man- the norm in society is to be white. If you are black you are treated differently. In some cases, being black means that you are invisible to everyone who is the norm. This is shown in the Invisible Man because he is rendered invisible because he is not of the same race that is deemed normal by society.
      - Lorna Simpson, Darkening & Seph Rodney, Lorna Simpson Searches for Meaning in the Arctic Ice - black woman is hidden in the arctic ice. The arctic is inhospitable. It is a place that alienates. In our society, African Americans are alienated from society because they are not deemed the "norm" in society due to the color of their skin. :
      - Robin Coste Lewis, Using Black to Paint Light - The black man is the first person to get cold. this intense coldness produces an atmosphere of race/climate of anti-blackness. Racism has been normalized like weather, however it is like the climate- posing a danger to our survival. effects of racism on black bodies as weathering. The fact that society deemed white as normal, shows that racism has been normalized.
    - - Herman Melville, "The Whiteness of the Whale"- Ishmael interprets the whales whiteness as racial superiority. white man's burden to civilize the other races: "giving the white man ideal mastership over every dusky tribe."
    - - Jared Sexton, All Black Everything - "For Morris, it has been vital to undermine “the whole idea that black is supposed to be something macabre, negative, dirty, filthy,” and to challenge the “racial stereotypes in there as well, and the whole thing about it being funereal.” His black monochromes would thus serve to refute all negative cultural mythologies about the color, and ultimately to create work that innately expresses the all-encompassing spirituality of life."
  - - - Micheal Foucault, "Panopticism" - The panopticon constitutes a system of oppression. You
        reform yourself by means of surveillance. The panopticon becomes a body of governance. If you think you are being watched you are a better person.
      - All Light Everywhere- Camera's are set up to help police. This documentary goes into detail about how the police use camera's as a form of surveillance and policing, however, this tech is not a tool of policing, it's for the courtroom to exonerate the police. They also think that the camera's set up will help lower crime rates, but even if kids know they are being surveilled they will still break the law because they are just trying to survive. .
      - Le Corbussier, A Coat of Whitewash: The Law of Ripolin - The coat of white was meant to act as a form of policing a technology of surveillance. It is meant for self judgement and self policing. "Whitewash is extremely moral. suppose there were a decree requiring that all rooms in Paris be given a coat of whitewash. I maintain that this would be a police task of real stature and a manifestation of high morality" (83).
    - - Vito Acconci, Following Piece & Sophie Calle, Suite Venitienne - people are being followed and photographed. They are subjected to the cameras of others. They are not in control.
      - Stanley Cavell, The World as a Whole: Color - Voyeurism is a dominant mood of Hitchcocks narration. "Voyeurism is a retracted edge of fantasy. It's a requirement of privacy that shows it's perversity... narrative voyeurism is Hitchcocks way of declaring the medium of film, a condition of which is that its subjects are viewed from an invisible state" (87). When subjects are viewed from an invisible state they become objects of someone else because they are not aware that they are being watched.
      - Hans Christian Andersen, The Shadow- "I ran about the streets in the moonlight. I drew myself up to my full height upon the walls... I looked in and saw what no body else could see, or indeed ought to see... I have seen what no man has the power of knowing". The shadow watches people without them knowing and knows everything that happens behind closed doors. People are an object of the shadows sight and stories, however they have no knowledge of such.
  - - - David Batchelor, Chromophobia - "For Blanc, color could not simply be ignored or dismissed. It had to be contained and subordinated- like a woman" & "discrimination of color has taken a number of forms... some sexual". color was described as feminine and there is a tyranny of whiteness because people did not want things to appear feminine.
      - Blonde Venus - Our patriarchal society allows for sexism and for men to be seen as superior or have more power than women. In Blonde Venus, as Helen tells the boy it’s his bedtime, he asks his father if he can stay up longer, a simple act that enforces the idea of the patriarchal family. The two parents put Johnny to sleep, and Helen kneels down next to his bed while Ned stands, towering over the two.
- - - - Hito Steyerl, How Not to be Seen - you can not be seen by camaflouge or concealment.
      - Monty Python - hiding behind something is a way of not being perceived. Monty Python shows that there are significant advantages to not being seen/ there are significant advantages of being hidden.
    - - Trinh Minh-Ha, The Image and the Void - invisibility of the next thing coming. Cannot see the future. An example of being blind sighted is when there is a Tsunami. humanity is caught unaware.
    - - Blue (Derek Jarman, 1993)
        The impossible is the imopssible of visualising something that is invisible. The virus is invisible. Viruses are unseen and unseeable. Photographs of suffering get sentimentalized so he just left the screen blue. And we can visualize with our imagination
      - Paul LaFarge, Colors/Black - "The space of refusal is also the space of imagination. You can sit in the darkness for as long as you like, staring blindly at nothing, and see what you will"
    - - Christopher Turner and Victor I. Stoichita, A Short History of the Shadow - It is difficult to perceive things that are not matter. It is difficult to perceive ideas. When we are young it is difficult for us to perceive that our shadow is from us. "The ability to recognize one’s own shadow is actually a very difficult process, one that is only mastered at the age of eight or nine. That’s when the child realizes that the shadow is not a substance behind the object that is driven away by light, and finally learns to predict where a shadow will fall. It’s at this age that the shadow finally becomes synonymous with the absence of light"
  - - - sight
        
        inaccurate assumptions about blindness
        
        Georgina Kleege, Blindness and Visual Culture: An Eyewitness Account - In talking about 9/11 many assumed that true horror can only be evinced through the eyes. Many eye witness accounts however are stickingly non visual. “Many people who were in the vicinity of ground zero during and soon after the disaster found it hard to put into words what they saw, in part because visibility in the area was obscured by smoke and ash and in part because whatthey were seeing did not correspond to any visual experience for which they had language. People described instead the sound of falling bodies, hitting the ground, the smekll of the burning jet fuel, and the particular texture of the ankle deep dust that filled the streates”. (183)
        Being sighted does not mean that you are better. When you are blind your other senses become sighted/ There are many inaccurate assumptions about the blind because our language is based on vision. “I hope we can also abandon the cliches that use the word blindness as a synonym for inattention, ignorance or Prejudice. If the goal is for others to see what we mean, it helps to say what we mean. Using the word in this way seems a vestigial homage to the hypothetical, meant to stir the same uncanny version of all and pedi. It contributes on some level to the perception of blindness as a tragedy to dire to contemplate, which contributes in turn to lowered expectations among those who educate and employ the blind. It also contributes to the perception among the newly blind themselves that the only response to their new condition is to retire from View.” (188)
        
        H.G. Wells, “The Country of the Blind” - In the absence of sight, the other senses compensate and you can navigate the world. However, many people believe that without sight you are useless. This is a social construction of disability or what we deem as normal. The main character thinks that he is better than the sighted. The blind are able to function and live freely without sight or the knowledge of sight.
        
        Oliver Sacks, The Mind’s Eye: What the blind see -
        "Being a "whole-body seer," for Hull, means shifting his attention, his center of gravity, to the other senses, and he writes again and again of how these have assumed a new richness and power."
        When one goes blind late in life it is seen to be one of the worst things imaginable by the misconceptions of society. In this case, it was described as a blessing in disguise because his other senses were hightened, it gave him a new power.
        
        sight is painful
        
        Georgina Kleege, Molyneaux Redux - "Her first impression is of extreme pain, but pain of a very unusual sort. It’s as if someone is stabbing her in the forehead. She immediately puts her hands over her eyes, and the sensation vanishes. “That’s the light!” they tell her. “That’s seeing!”. “So that explains it,” she thinks. If these people are walking around constantly bombarded by this sensation, no wonder they’re so strange. In fact, it even explains the behavior of everyone back home in the cult. No wonder there was so much talk about blowing people up"
        -seeing for the first time is painful because you are bombarded with light, stimulation, and new sensations all the time.
        
        Plato, The Allegory of the Cave - when the prisoner is let out of the cave and is able to see for the first time, he is in so much pain. This new knowledge is sense is very painful and he has to be dragged to face the sun.
        
        Hans Blumenberg, Light as a Metaphor for Truth - "return either to a dazzling, extreme brightness which hurts the eye, blinds it, and forces it to shut itself... due to everything from the impurity of those who see, to the willful and culpable shutting of the eye against , what is by nature, its to see" -------------------------------- "By the way of painful presence, of the eye-penetrating violence of that which is seen, the sense of sight passes into a perception by the sense of touch" (45)
    - - Joseph Albers, excerpts from Interaction of Color - "In visual perception a color is almost never seen as it really is
        —as it physically is" color and are are subjective and relative because how each person percieves color is different.
      - Lorraine Daston and Peter Galison, The Color of Subjectivity- one logical reasoning for why color is subjective is that "there is an irredeemable privacy of sensation: the sensation of another will be for us a world eternally closed. whether the sensation that I call red is the same as which my neighbor calls red, we have no way of verifying" (275).
      - emotion and mood in relation to other entities
        
        emotion in relation to color
        
        Maria Popova, 19th Century Insight into the Psychology of Color and Emotion -
        color has a psychological impact on mood and emotion. Yellow is gladdening. Blue is gloomy, melancholy, and cold. red conveys dignity, gravity, and attractiveness.
        
        Yves Klein, The Evolution of Art towards the Immaterial -
        "All colors arouse specific associative ideas, psychologically material or tangible." (122)
        
        emotion in relation to the enviornment
        
        Joan Didion, Los Angeles Notebook - "The Santa Ana winds cause people to act more violently or unruly and makes others irritable and unhappy to a great extent"
        
        Lawrence Weschler, LA Glows - The atmosphere and environment here in LA is what makes LA so different than other places. LA has a certain glow to it that makes people attracted to it.
    - - Three Colors: Blue - The boy serves as a point of view by which we the viewer see the accident. First we hear the crash before we actually see it. The camera pivots to the crash as if it is through his eyes.
      - Walter Benjamin, A Child's View of Color - "imagination never engages in form, but can only contemplate the living world from a human point of view creatively in feeling. This takes place through color" (51). Children have a different point of view than adults which allows them to have a very different and create imagination.