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Chapter 4 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - There are some important exceptions. NH3(g) & HCl(g)
- - - - Ionization occurs when a neutral substance forms ions in solution.
        Example: HC2H3O2 (acetic acid).
  - - - H+(aq) + OH–(aq) → H2O(l)
  - - - HCl → H+ + Cl
  - - - Most acids are weak acids.
    - - HF ⇋ H+ + F–
- - - - An agent that promotes reduction, achieved by donating electrons themselves and in the prosses become oxidized
  - - - An agent that promotes oxidation, achieved by accepting electrons themselves and in the prosses become reduced.
  - - - Rule 1: The oxidation number of an element in its free (uncombined) state is zero — for example, Al(s) or Zn(s). This is also true for elements found in nature as diatomic (two-atom) elements
      - Rule 2: The oxidation number of a monatomic (one-atom) ion is the same as the charge on the ion, for example:
      - Rule 3: The sum of all oxidation numbers in a neutral compound is zero. The sum of all oxidation numbers in a polyatomic (many-atom) ion is equal to the charge on the ion. This rule often allows chemists to calculate the oxidation number of an atom that may have multiple oxidation states, if the other atoms in the ion have known oxidation numbers.
      - Rule 4: The oxidation number of an alkali metal (IA family) in a compound is +1; the oxidation number of an alkaline earth metal (IIA family) in a compound is +2.
      - Rule 5: The oxidation number of oxygen in a compound is usually –2. If, however, the oxygen is in a class of compounds called peroxides (for example, hydrogen peroxide), then the oxygen has an oxidation number of –1. If the oxygen is bonded to fluorine, the number is +1.
      - Rule 6: The oxidation state of hydrogen in a compound is usually +1. If the hydrogen is part of a binary metal hydride (compound of hydrogen and some metal), then the oxidation state of hydrogen is –1.
      - Rule 7: The oxidation number of fluorine is always –1. Chlorine, bromine, and iodine usually have an oxidation number of –1, unless they’re in combination with an oxygen or fluorine.