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CHAPTER 3: Bioenergetics of Exercise Training - Coggle Diagram
CHAPTER 3: Bioenergetics of Exercise Training
Essential Terminology
Bioenergetics
breakdowns macronutrients
carbohydrate
protein
fats
Catabolism
large molecules into smaller molecules
e.g. glycolysis
Anabolism
larger molecules from smaller molecules
Exergonic reactions
energy-releasing reactions
generally catabolic
Endergonic reactions
require energy
includes
anabolic processes
muscle contraction
Metabolism
the total of all the
catabolic or exergonic and anabolic or endergonic reactions
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
allows the transfer of energy from exergonic to endergonic reactions
Hydrolysis
breakdown of one molecule of ATP
Adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase)
the enzyme that catalyzes ATP hydrolysis
Calcium ATPase
enzyme that hydrolyze ATP
pumps Ca into the sarcoplasmic reticulum
Sodium-potassium ATPase
for maintaining the sarcolemmal concentration gradient after depolarization
Biological Energy Systems
Anaerobic processes
:forbidden: oxygen
phosphagen system
glycolytic system
occur in the sarcoplasm of a muscle cell
aerobic mechanisms
:check: oxygen
occur in the mitochondria of muscle cells
krebs cycle
electron transport
Phosphagen System
provides ATP for:
short-term
high-intensity activities
resistance training
sprinting
highly active at the start of all exercise
regardless of intensity
hydrolysis of ATP
breakdown of the creatine phosphate (CP)
Creatine kinase
enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of ATP
from CP and ADP
ATP Stores
approx. 80 to 100 g of ATP
any given time
Can't be completely depleted
for basic cellular function
Type II (fast-twitch) muscle fibers
contain higher concentrations of CP than Type I (slow-twitch) fibers
Glycolysis
breakdown of carbohydrate
ATP resynthesis rate is slow
the capacity to produce ATP is much higher
occurs in the sarcoplasm
Pyruvate
end result of glycolysis
can be converted to lactate
can be shuttled into the mitochondria
glycogen
Approx. 300 to 400 g
in muscles
70 to 100 g
in liver
glucose
Glucose and Glycogen Oxidation
If oxygen is present in sufficient quantities
pyruvate is not converted to lactate
Transported to mitochondria
Kreb Cycle
continues the oxidation of the substrate from glycolysis
acetyl-CoA
Fat Oxidation
Triglycerides stored in fat cells
can be broken down by an enzyme
free fatty acids
glycerol
circulate and enter muscle fibers and undergo oxidation
hormone-sensitive lipase
Protein Oxidation
not a significant source of energy
amino acids
can then be converted into
glucose
gluconeogenesis
pyruvate
Substrate Depletion and Repletion
Energy substrates
molecules that provide starting materials for bioenergetic reactions
phosphagens (ATP and CP)
glucose
glycogen
lactate
free fatty acids
amino acids
FATIGUE
depletion of phosphagens (ATP + CP) and glycogen
depletion of substrates
free fatty acids
lactate
amino acids
Phosphagens
more rapidly depleted in high-intensity anaerobic exercise compare to aerobic exercise
CREATINE PHOSPHATE
first stage of high-intensity exercise
(5-30 seconds)
can decrease markedly (50-70%)
Oxygen Uptake and the Aerobic and Anaerobic Contributions to Exercise
Oxygen uptake
measure of a person’s ability to take in oxygen
respiratory system
deliver it to the working tissues
cardiovascular system
the ability of working tissues to use oxygen
predominantly skeletal muscle
During low-intensity exercise
oxygen uptake increases
Metabolic Specificity of Training
use of appropriate exercise intensities and rest intervals
“selection” of specific primary energy systems during training
Interval Training
using predetermined intervals of exercise and rest periods
High-Intensity Interval Training
brief repeated bouts of high-intensity exercise with intermittent recovery periods
efficient exercise regimen for eliciting
cardiopulmonary adaptations
metabolic adaptations
neuromuscular adaptations
Combination Training
aerobic endurance training should be added to the training of anaerobic athletes
cross-training