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Skin diseases in the tropics - Coggle Diagram
Skin diseases in the tropics
Most common skin lesions
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
Consists of a complex of vector-borne diseases caused by a heterogeneous group of protozoa belonging to the genus Leishmania; it is transmitted by sand fly vectors.
Geographic dsitribution
Life cycle
Clinical features
Localized cutaneous leishmaniasis: solitary or multiple reddish macules/ papule around the sandly bite that quickly increase in size and develop central ulceration.Mucosal leishmaniasis: affects the nasopharynx ( mucosal bleeding, nasal blockage )
L.L major infections ( ulcers are covered with a thick crust , and nodular)
L.L tropical infection ( facial lesions may be larger)
L.L aethiopica infection solitary facial lesion with or without surrounding satellite papules)
L.L infantum- chagasi ( nodular lesions)
Treatment
Local : Sodiom stibogluconate of 100mg / mL ; Paromomycin ointment for 10 days; Oral: Fluconazole 200mg orally one daily.
Myiasis/ Tungiasis
Infestations related to the presence of larvae or maggots of flies in human tissue
Clinical features for Myiasis :
Myiasis most common flies : Botfly ( Dermatobia hominis), Tumbu fly ( Cordylobia anthropophaga) . The incubation period: 7 days to 3 weeks.
Pruritis and the moving sensation at the lesion site with lesion of myiasis is nodular. Foruncular lesions.
Tungiasis
Is a result of penetration of the skin by san or jigger flea .
Animal reservoirs : dogs, cats, pigs and rats.
Treatment : Myiasis/ Tungiasis
Myiasis:
Removal of the intact larva is curative. Ivermectine orally/ topically
Tungiasis
Removal of the flea. Massive invasion : surgery and plastic surgery reconstruction.
Clinical symptoms of the most common dermatoses observed in travellers visiting tropical and subtropical destinations are listed:
Arhropod bites
Bites or stings from arthropods result in local skin lesions due to allergic reaction or toxic release
Bacterial skin infections
Impetigo: Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus spp. ( Folliculitis, ecthyma , erysipelas, abscess, to necrotizing cellulitis.
Bacterial skin infections ( pyodermas and infected insect bites)
Dengue/ Chikungunya
Clinically : diffuse erythema. patechiae, or hemorraguic lesions can also be observed.
Most patients present with classic dengue fever and have benign febrile illness, but dengue hemorragic fever and dengue shock syndrome can occur among returned travellers.
Schistosomiasis
The majority of travel- associated infections occur in travellers visiting sub- Saharan Africa.
Another phase of the infection is an acute schistosomiasis ( Katayama syndrome)
Rickettsial infections
Are zoonotic bacterial infections transmitted to humans by arthropods. Most patients usually present: benign febrile illness accompanied by headache, myalgia and skin lesions( rash, cutaneous eschar)
Epidemiology
The most common travel-related dermatoses were:
Pyodermas
Allergic rashes
Cutaneous larva migrans.
Arthropod-related skin illnesses
Along with the increasing number of travelers, there is a significant growth in travel-related illnesses.
