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American + Japanese Empires - Coggle Diagram
American + Japanese Empires
Japan
Imperial Power (1890's-1900's)
First Sino-Japanese War, 1894-1895: Taiwan; acquiring latter as colony
Russo-Japanese War, 1904-5:
Chosen Dynasty*
-- Japan defeating Russia, creation of Japanese protectorate over Chosen Dynasty;
protectorate
→ limited degree of sovereignty in certain areas (health, education) but
FOREIGN + DEFENSE
policy decided by semi-colonial power → this case Japan
American
Imperial Power (1890's-1900's)
expanded across both Caribbean Sea + Pacific Ocean → more of a global reach
1898; America went to war with Spain over Cuba
;
Cuban revolution (1895) anti-colonial revolution
; Cubans wanting independence from Spain; in context of conflict in Cuba, Americans declared war against Spain and sent its troops in Cuba (1898)
within several years after military occupation in Cuba, U.S gov. claimed Cuba as its own protectorate
U.S went to war against Spain in Philippines; acquired Philippines in 1898
, and in 1899, r
U.S mainting colonial presence in Philippines ← American colony between that period and 1946 (gaininig independence)
War, Revolution, and Empire
War; First Sino-Japanese War, Russo-Japanese War, Filipino American War
Revolution: Cuban Revolution
Empire; Japan acquiring Korea (Russo-Japanese War) + Taiwan (First Sino-Japanese War), U.S acquiring Philippines (Filipino War)
Established good relations with Great Britain
Settled on an informal rapprochement ← informal alliance b/w U.S + Britain (mid 1890's); alliance bolstered by economic linkages b/w London + New York and Britian's economoic prospects within North America
Anglo-Japanese Alliance (Britain + Japan), 1902
; military alliance → U.S + Japan made peace with dominant global power and expansion of their power complemented British power globally
-- ensured U.S + Japan would enter WWI as allies
Overseas Territories
expansion = aftermath in outbreak of conflicts in neighboring territories
--
Tonghak Rebellion 1894
-- Anti-Colonial revolution (1895)
-
Ultimately revolts were contained by big power intervention; both seized upon uprisings to assert military power + build overseas empires
Japan
Tonghak Rebellion 1894: Religious leaders in southwest led revolt occurred due to Japanese and Western influence in dynasty and wanted freedom for proscribed and persecuted religion
; had potential in overthrowing dynasty, but both sides agreed to ceasire
US
Colonial Cuba originating from Eastern part of island → 10 year war against Spain in 1868;
rebellion → sought to overthrow Spanish colonial rule and have social and political changes including end of slavery
End of 1895 Cuban revolution; slavery had ended;
but revolutionaries sought more social equality for African-Cubans + end of Spanish colonial rule
Japan's Overseas Empire, 1889-1914
Until 1890's, Choson Dynasty been part of East Asian "World Order" entered in Qing China
Choson dynasty's diplomatic and cultural practices toward China were part of broader recognition by political leaders of Korea of authority and legitimacy of Beijing centered world order in East Asia
-- occasional gifts, celeberations within Qing royal household
Confucian
world based on Neo-Confucian precepts;
proper ritual was essential for smooth operating of society
;
failure to adhere to customary rituals would bring failure to family and dynasty
In return for accepting rituals (tributary system) → Qing dynasty permited Choson to determin domestic policies, and protect the Choson dynasty if threatened
A unique transnational system of government deeply hierarchical and not based on notions of equality
~
different in character + composition from colonial systems of rule (Europe) post 15th C
Strains on this system by late 19th century (World Order system)
: Japanese politicians began subordinating Choson to Japanese political + economical hegemony; unequal treaty in 1876
-- Unequal treaty opened several ports to Japanese trade (Japan treaty ports); fostered large influence of Japanese merchants and goods into Korean dynasty
-- Mid 1890’s; 90% of Choson dynasty exports → Japan; half came from Japan itself
Tonghak Rebellion
sparked by concerns about taxation and forced labour in southwest province of Cholla; Korean farmers revolting against Korean government → abrupt and powerful influence Japan exerted on Chosan
-- Broader factors included anger over government corruption, oppressive actions by aristocracy, concern about Japanese influence in dynasty, and religious persecution of “Eastern Learning” or Tonghak religion
leader
of the revolt was a local teacher of Confucianism and gained support from farmers in southern provinces in dynasty
--
Led farmers to widespread peasant rebellion
in Korean history up to that point
Dynasty asking Qing for help → Qing sends 2000 troops; Japanese cabinet orders Japanese troops to Choson to fight against Qing troops
Sino-Japanese War 1894-95
Japanese army moving into Northern Korea, declaring war on Qing China
; Qing defeated → peace talks in Shimonoseki, Japan
1895: Treaty of Shimonoseki
--
Resulted in Tawain becoming Japan’s first formal colony (up until end of WWII)
--
Qing pay large indemnity to Japan → due to results of war
--
Qing lost all former influence in Choson Dynasty; treaty recognizing Chosan dynasty as sovereign territory
Japan replacing Qing as big power, influencing politics + economics of Choson dynasty, later on Korea becoming Japanese colony
Russo-Japanese War, 1904-1905
Russo-Japanese rivalry in Northeast Asia;
Russia's growing influence in Asia (Trans-Siberian railway) formed part of reason for Japan's diplomacy towards Britain in early twentieth century
→ Anglo-Japanese Alliance (1902)
1902: Anglo-Japanese alliance; mutual defense in event either of them went to war with two Big Powers
-- Britain recognizing Japan's interest in Korea and Qing dynasty; for Britain, Japan's recognizing commercial and extraterritorial interests in China;
1904: Japanese attack on Russian naval base at Porth Arthur; start of war;
Russia defeated
Treaty of Portsmouth: Russian railway interests at Porth Arthur and along South Manchurian Railway were turned over to Japan; Southern Sakhalin to Japan
-- Manchuria → part of Qing dynasty
-- Port Arthur → naval base for Russian fleet in Yellow Sea; Japan gaining access to Chinese continent through Russo-Japanese war → South Manchurian Railway
Tensions b/w US + Japan → US were concerned for future of own policy towards China (since Japan was taking over)
Primary Source; Tonghak Rebellion
Religion
Worshipping numerous gods + egalitarian world view of relationships between humans and Gods; Choson dynasty viewed religion as a threat and had its leader killed and persecuted followers and families
Tonghak Rebellion, 1894
Movement was intent on bringing significant change on Choson dynasty; government ordered soldiers to defeat rebellion through violence, but force failed → turning to Qing
Dynasty feared that internal civil wars would give foreign army and states especially Japan some form of colonial rule over Korea
Common ground was found:
--
Chun Pong-Joon
(leader of rebellion) agreed to dispend forces ONLY if
significant social reforms would be forthcoming from government
-- Contain foreign interference in Choson politics (Korea's gov. request?)
New government officials put in place → worked with non-corrupt officials to improve social and economic conditions in dynasty
Eliminate social and economic burdens on peasantries → caused revolt in first place
-- unfair + excessive taxation
-- major reforms of dinyastic social system
-- punishing wrongdoers amongst the rich
Slavery in Choson Dynasty
Indigenous institution of slavery
Height of slavery was the 18th C, after which numbers decline significantly
1801: central government freed slaves it owned
1886: legislation end hereditary slavery
--
Tonghak goal of burning slave documents was then to release slaves from burden of exploitation
; forced labor part of theme of slavery
1894: end of slavery and purchase and selling of slaves
Social reforms in Seoul ended social distinctions between elite and commoner Koreans → on paper creating more egalitarian social system
Tonghak remobilzing after hearing Japan took control of Korean palace + war against Qing; faced Japanese + Korean soldiers in fall 1894; were defeated
Late Choson Dynasty + Its Destruction
Greater social mobility and freedom with aftermath of rebellion + reforms
1894-1910: Series of political revolution
Reading for the Week
1907-10: Korean Monarch Sunjong; going on imperial progresses across Korean peninsula
Invention of Sunjong
significance → effort to unify country through medium of royal house; promoting perception of close ties b/w Japan + Korea
-- Going to Suwon to review opening of commercial exposition that showcased Japanese industrial products alongside Korean handicrafts
-- Going to Inch’on to welcome Japanese crown prince, Yoshihito
Ilchinhoe; populist reform who petitioned for Korean nationalism
wanting to modernize Korea under Japanese auspices but still maintained strong attachment to "sanctity" of royal house
Newspapers → ambivalent feelings as on one side, don’t support agenda of residency-general but on the other, seen as hard to oppose general’s policy to modernize Korea
Politics and Prose
Ito Hirobumi → residency general; operated as peninsula's de facto government → failure of residency-general seizing capital of imperial house → end of protectorate administration → start of colonization
Ito’s beliefs were that tours = persuading Korean people of emperor’s authority + benevolence, and demonstrate “spirit of cooperation” that existed between himself and emperor; propaganda → pushing own agenda forward
-- telling Koreans he wants them to have a way of life they would enjoy like Japan → led to beliefs of modernization; however, nationalist movements started arising and Ito was criticized by Japanese media
Northern Region
Korean subjects reacted negatively to “residency-general's manipulative use of emperor” that “blended personal sympathy and political outrage
were more religious than north; church and its influence oon people (Ito against it?)
Korea and Politics of Imperialism
Resistance = by-product of Itō's protectorate government, placing Korean interests above empire
Flags (anti-Japanese nationalism that refused subordination to the residency-general)
= catalyst of anti-Japanese faction (clique/group) + opportunity to express feelings of loyalty to Korean nation