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SKIN DISEASES IN THE TROPICS - Coggle Diagram
SKIN DISEASES IN THE TROPICS
CLINICAL SYMPTOMS OF
TRAVEL-RELATED DERMATOSES
Rickettsial infections
Regardless of the causative agent, most patients usually present with a benign febrile illness accompanied by headache, myalgia and skin lesions
Cutaneous leishmaniasis
The classic manifestation of cutaneous leishmaniasis is a predominantly painless ulcer with raised, indurated margins, along with granulation tissue or eschar
Schistosomiasis
Invasion of the skin by the cercariae present in the fresh water gives rise to a pruritic papular rash that appears a few hours after exposure and usually lasts less than 48 h
Cutaneous larva migrans
Can be associated with a pruritic popular or
vesiculobullous rash
Dengue/chikungunya
Dengue is the second most common cause of systemic febrile illness in returning travellers worldwide
Clinically, in 30–50% of dengue cases, except for fever, myalgia, headache, retro-orbital, pain, maculopapular rash is seen
Strongyloidiasis
One is a visible linear or serpiginous creeping lesion with associated pruritus, mostly around the anus and anywhere on the trunk
Bacterial skin infections
The clinical spectrum ranges from impetigo, folliculitis, ecthyma, erysipelas, abscess, to necrotising cellulitis
Myiasis/tungiasis
Clinically, pruritus and the moving sensation at the lesion site with lancinating pain are seen
Arthropod bites
15–18.7% of dermatoses in travellers worldwide
10% of dermatoses in travellers returned from the tropics
Allergic reactions may occur in minutes to hours after
a bite of a sting
Loiasis
The most frequent symptoms are recurrent subcutaneous soft tissue swellings and chronic pruritus
SKIN LESIONS ASSOCIATED WITH TRAVEL-RELATED INFECTIONS
Linear lesions
Cutaneous larva migrans, strongyloidiasis (larva currens)
Migratory skin lesions
Cutaneous larva migrans, strongyloidiasis (larva currens), loiasis
Vesicular/bullous rash
Herpes simplex, Herpes zoster
Erosions/ulcers
Leishmaniasis, pyodermas
Nodular rash
Myiasis, tungiasis
Lymphangitis
Sporotrichosis, leishmaniasis
Papular rash
Scabies, blastomycosis, histoplasmosis
Jaundice
Malaria, leptospirosis
Maculopapular rash
Dengue, chikungunya, schistosomiasis, Rickettsia spp., superficial fungal infections
Haemorrhagic lesions
Dengue, leptospirosis, meningococcal infection, Rickettsia spp
Travel-related dermatological problems can have a wide spectrum of clinical symptoms. The most common are macular, popular, nodular, linear, erosion and ulcerative lesions. Macular lesions may occur due to drug reactions and superficial mycoses
Differential diagnoses of skin illnesses depend on the patient’s travel history (place of stay and duration of journey, local endemicity, certain diseases) and the clinical picture of dermatoses.
EPIDEMIOLOGY
Skin diseases were the third most common cause of health problems after febrile illnesses and acute diarrhoeas
The most common causes of dermatological problems were arthropod bites, cutaneous larva migrans, allergic reactions, and pyodermas
Skin problems develop as a result of a variety of factors: exposure to new medications, extremes of temperature and humidity, exposure to plant or animal toxins