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Action For Biodiversity - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Describe
        
        using words to illustrate the points being made
        
        are the effects positive or negative or both
        
        starting sentence:
        
        Biodiveristy is the ...
      - how exactily is climate change effecting biodiversity
        
        Temprature?
        
        linked to precipitation
        
        Precipitation shifts
        
        imbalances of seasonal shifts
        
        draught and flooding
        
        coastal areas
        
        seas
        
        temperature increases also increases salinity
        
        increased storms
        
        rising sea levels effecting coastal terrestrial habitats
        
        salt marshes
        
        cliff side errosion
        
        mangrove forests
        
        climate shifting - warmer /cooler ect
        
        invasive plants and insects
        
        terrestrial habitats
        
        paper: Land degradation and climate change:
        building climate resilience in agriculture
        
        forests are critically impprotant for both biodiversity and human economics, and ensuring thier resiliance to climatec =change needs to be policy based???
        
        humans use trees for wood, economically important and as a corbon storage. important for biodiversity as a habitat.
        
        protecting forest in a way that is sustainable and benicial to humans can be key...
        
        mitigating climate change impoacts of forests?
    - - Critically evaluate
        
        influences or limitations of policies and practices
        
        which policies work and which dont
        
        evidence
        
        focus on important points
        
        Evidence
        
        find case studies to use as evidence for the points I am making.
        
        justify my own thoughts
      - policies influenced or limited by Climate chnage
        
        need for balance
      - practices influenced and limited by climate chnage
        
        habitat restoration and protection limited by finances and political and stakeholder agendas
    - - Make predictions for future
    - - habitat restoration
        
        helps species resits effects of climate change but how?
      - in situe and ex situ conservation of species
        
        captive breeding and release/reintroductions to wild.
      - monitoring of species abundance and range as well as population and genetic analysis.
  - - - COP26 meeting in Glasgow.
        
        reflect on previous COP and Achi targets that havent been met
        
        what targets have been set
      - we could include that humans can make all the effort they can to protect an enviroment from anthropomorphic factors but if they dont also reduce impacts of climate change then the actions can be less effective or even pointless if the climate is nolonger suitable for the organisums needing protected.
      - organisms become vulnerable when they loose their habitat, and by restoring and recreating habitats, human can help reduce the impacts of climate change on biodiversity. ( State of nature 2019; IPBES 2019)
      - "However, the land areas required for bioenergy crops (with or without carbon capture and storage), afforestation and reforestation to achieve the targeted carbon uptake rates are projected to be very large {4.2.4.3., 4.5.3}." IPBES 2019
        so this is where the difficulty come in. IN order to reduce climate change, much land will be needed but inturn this will reduce the improvment and the effectiveness of protection measures on biodiversity.
        "Consequently, large-scale land-based mitigation measures may jeopardize the achievement of other Sustainable Development Goals that depend on land resources (well established) {4.5.3}." #
      - Polcies updated and new ones created
        
        in order to reach the 2050 Vision, we need to start of smaller fixing harmful policies and creating new ones inorder to get the ball rolling so that the root cause of climate change can then be tackled (IPBES 2019)
    - - how is it effecting biodiversity
        
        reports from governmental and charitable organisations maybe bias or nonspecific to the exact causes of change in biodiversity like species distribution and abundance,.
        
        while the expansion of human settlement expansion and agriculture can be easily blamed for the loss of biodiversity like in the early days of human kind, the effect of climate change could underpin much of this today, like a invisible killer, weakening the foundations of food webs and ecosystems (IPBES, 2019:State of Nature, 2019)
        
        the thing about nature is that it take a long time for thing to adapt to change
        or ... it takes a long time for organsms to evolve and adapt to shifts in....
        ...evolution has shown that nature can adapt if given this time but the changes occurring to day in the world climate are rapidly outpacing the organisms adaptive abilities. (IPBES, 2019)
        
        phenological responses to climate change, such as later spring resulting in later emergence of plants so insects loos out in turn so do their preditors (Hoegh-Guldberg et al, 2018)
      - climate change while a natural process that would occur over millenia, human activites in the last few centuries has exasserbated the effects.
    - - Marine
        
        sea temperatures
        
        marine acidification
        
        sea salinity increases
        
        coral reefs and other sea life affected
        
        increased temp increases CO2 uptake which increases acidity of water (State of Nature 2019)
        
        phytoplankton and Zooplankton (Base of many food webs)
        
        :question: how are they affected??
        
        biodiversity is only as strong as the bases of food webs are stable. take marine biodiversity, phyotplanton and zooplanction that often found at the start od food chains, are sentative to changes in their climate. The State of Nature Report indicate in the last.. years that abundance of these organism in the scotish waters has declined .... while they have not specifically stated temrature and salinity changes due to climate chnage, it can be assumed that this is playing a part. ...another study by ... indicates that this is likly the case.
        
        temperature, salinity and nutrients
        
        shift in seasonal distributions
        
        can be used as indicators of climate change more reliably then larger species like seabirds that sit at the top of food chains. (State of Nature 2019)
        
        species distribution change /increased INNS
        
        :red_flag: what the starfish and kelp forest example and the coral reef and sea urchin example
        
        terrestrial ecosystems are not the only ones underthreat, climate change is set to not only increate temratures in the sea but to also affect sea levels and salinity/
        
        sea level rise as ice melts
        
        costal habitats
        
        seagrass medows
        
        saltmarshes
        
        Dunes
        
        mangrove
      - Terrestrial
        
        affects weather patterns and seasonal differentiations
        
        flooding
        
        flashfloods
        
        increased runnoff and variation in ground water
        
        Temperature
        
        increased and prolonged draughts
        
        fire while nature, can increase as climate change acts on wheather patterns and seasonal precipitation (state of Nature) but also can have lasting effect on how effectivly and how long it take the enviroment to recover after fire ((Hoegh-Guldberg et al, 2018); Nolan et al, 2021)
        
        effecting soil structures and increasing changes of flash floods and fires. (State of Nature 2019)
        
        Heatwaves
        
        changes in transpirations and evapotranspiration(?) (Hoegh-Guldberg et al, 2018)
        
        terrestrial habitats ....understanding the effects of climate change on the terrestrial habitats is vital for protecting their biodiversity and plants make up the majority of the bases for these ecosystems,.
      - :red_flag: Studies often refer to confidence levels in things they are reporting, giving an indication of the quality and volume of data available for analysis and use in model building (ref). Poor or missing data wille effect the reliabilityof the facts they provide, seam to be common when looking at large scales (which are needed in studies that transcend national boundaries) (Hoegh-Guldberg et al, 2018)
    - - redistribution of species
        
        paper (Pecl et al, 2017) states that current policies, goals and internatinal agrements dont take climate driven redistribution of species into account
        
        shifting of distributions and geographic ranges. but species redistribution is little talked about in policies and actions ? (Pecl et al, 2017)
        
        the shifting of climates introduces the shift of insect and plant functinal ranges?, which allows new insects and diseases to enter new teritiories
        
        introduction of non-native invasive species , good for some and bad for others
        
        changing of ecological systems into new novel biotic communities that may not provide the same ecological fnuctions as before (Sorte et al, 2010; Pecl et al, 2017; IPBES, 2019)
    - - both in marine and land systems
  - - - but these can be bias so be careful.
  - - - whats being argued ie my side
      - introduce topic
    - - 1) topic sentence
      - 2) what the issue is issue in detail
      - 3) whats being done
      - 4) is it working or not.
    - - link back to intro
      - what can can be concluded
  - - - some species ranges are set to increase as biomes boundaries shift in places.
      - is it all bad or will some of the benefits for humans out weigh loss of biodiversity
        
        i feel like we need to accept that the world is change and that we need to inovate and live with it instead of trying to reverce it (an unrealistic path)
      - I argue that we dont have enough knowledge of how climate change will actually effect biodiversity. to little data or sample populations or overall studies leve gaps. and when this data is used in analysis and models, how accurate are they trully.. how do we know the (1.5C climate paper)
        
        easy to paint a bleak picture to get people moving in the right direction but I argue that in the end we just dont know enough and it is too soon to say how things will end.
    - - as to rebuild certain aspects of biodiversity, land will need to be given over to nature while we will also need land to produce things like biofuels and for renewable energy.
    - - is it too early to say if policies and implimentations of actions have been effective
        
        too little data or studies to provide accurate data for model building
      - are we asking too much of the world to think about future generations more then the current. to mkae sacrifices now that most wont see the result of.
        
        we must understand that there is no simple sollution or one idea, that it will take sacrifice and effort (which human are often reluctent to do if they will not be seing the benifits in their life time) (Outlook5 2020)
      - Author (Rch, 2018) describes our relationship with fossil fuels and a "suicide pact" and it does much feal like that when you know that people did understand the consequence decades ago and yet still went on with it, it's akin to knowing your cars on fire but still driving it to the shops just so that you can pick up that cigarette your dyeing for.
        
        • In the end the auther (Nathaniel Rich) like myself is pesamistic that we will manage to meet targets in time.
        
        • In the end it is now about coping with the coming disaters and perhaps slowing some down
      - I argue that we are infact much too late to protect biodiversity as it is today so we must aim to help areas adapt and protect other that can be maintained (ie one mainly effected by human activity.)
        to do this studies will be needed to determine what ahnd where climate impacts will be the greatest and how if at all can we protect and conserve
    - - in non of the reports have I seen any implications of how they will ensure that the target will actually be met. no incentives or implied punishments for failed goals and targets
      - alot are still trying to decide how they will in act changes
  - - - species range shift
        
        novel ecosystems /habtats
      - geographic boundries
      - historical conditions /habitat/ ranges
      - ecosystem functions
        
        prevision ecosystem services
      - phenological responses to climate change
    - - habitat restoration
      - enhancing biodiversity and human well-being
      - nature based solutions
        
        get examples
        
        restoring habtats that protect other ones eg mangroves and saltmarshes protect inland habtats
      - mitigate biodiversity loss
        
        the word "mitigate" is often used in reference to the fact we cannot completely cancel out what happening but we can reduce the severity- links back to reducing the temperature increase to 1.5C instead of 2C still going t be bad, particularly in some areas of the world but less then at 2C
    - - pest and diseases
      - alien and outcompeting
    - - low and high confidence levels
      - models inaccurate
    - - https://www.worldwildlife.org/pages/what-is-biodiversity
      - https://biologydictionary.net/biodiversity/
- - - - "'critically evaluate', you must provide your opinion or verdict on whether an argument, or set of research findings, is accurate. "
    - - Explain - Explain how or why something happened." and make sure to reference to back up explanation
    - - "Discuss - Write about a topic in detail, taking into account different ideas, and where appropriate different opinions."
    - - "Critical appraisal is the process of carefully and systematically examining research to judge its trustworthiness, and its value and relevance in a particular context."
    - - look back on instead of making predictions, analyses what has been...
    - - critically discuss” asks you to examine the rationale for the topic. You are required to demonstrate an understanding of the subject, where and when it applies or does not apply, and, the evidence in favour or against."
      - or "requires you to weigh up the strengths and weaknesses of a theory, concept (or work of some sort), and write about this in detail – taking into account various relevant issues and viewpoints."
    - - Describe - Give an accurate and factual account
    - - "Compare - Look closely at two or more things and look at the similarities and differences"
    - - "Contrast - Look at two things and focus on the differences"
  - - - Conservation at different scales
        
        Landscape (in situ)
        
        zoos (ex situ)
      - Conservation statagies and managment techniques
        
        eg natrual solutions
      - Chalanges and conflicts of rewilding
    - - Ecological impacts of biodiversity loss
        
        ?
      - Drivers to changes in Biodiversity
        
        Climate chnage
        
        landuse change
        
        pollution
      - Eg are socialtal #needs like greenspaces and mental wellness detracting from resource allocation for conservation of biodiversity
        
        ie are we spending money and time on things that benefit humans more then what s best for the natural; world.
    - - Biodiversity goals
      - Current predictions
      - meeting targets
      - polices
        
        can I find examples