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HL Paper 3 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Trade of goods and services from TNC's
        
        75% of world trade is carried out by Transnational
        Corporations (TNC's)
      - Transport
        
        U.S. goods and services trade with China totaled an estimated $615.2 billion in 2020. Exports were $164.9 billion; imports were $450.4 billion. The U.S. goods and services trade deficit with China was $285.5 billion in 2020.
      - Economic leakage
        
        An example is in Thailand where it is estimated that around 70% of all money spent by tourists ended up leaving Thailand
      - Outsourcing and offshoring (HIC headquarter / LIC factories)
        
        Apple: Headquarters in Cupertino, California, United States. / Factories in Shenzhen China (as well as many other countries)
      - Spread of Culture, Technology and Education
        
        Apple educated more than 19.4 million employees of its suppliers on their rights since 2008
    - - IMF
        
        The IMF gave Iraq $741m as part of a previously agreed $3.7bn loan programme to help the country rebuild its ravaged infrastructure.
      - New Development Bank
        
        The Bank has committed USD$1.5 billion in loans to member countries so far, with a strong emphasis on renewable energy. (2016)
      - World Bank
        
        The World Bank is providing more than $1 billion in lending for India’s solar projects, including a rooftop solar initiative that will deliver electricity to millions.
  - - - Possible Points:
        
        :
        
        EU members of four freedoms of movement so increased participation in trade
        
        OPEC countries agree amongst themselves on how best to participate in global energy trade
        
        Decisions made by G7, & G20, & OECD members affect both themselves and non-member countries
        
        OECD rankings of education
        
        G7 action on Russia, i.e removal
      - Possible Evidence:
        
        G7 suspended Russia's membership of the group, due to Russia's annexation of Crimea; nevertheless, they stopped short of outright permanent expulsion.
        
        OPEC+ (OPEC and 10 non opec countries) agreement to reduce crude oil production brought global supply lower than the level of global demand since 2019.
        
        G7 is struggling to make China face repercussions due to wanting to avoid isolating China from the organization while still punishing them for their violation of human rights.
        
        Japan is the highest-performing OECD country, with average PISA scores of 529, followed by Estonia with 524 points, and Canada and Finland both with 523 points.
    - - Possible Points:
        
        Increase in TNCs
        
        Decrease of local produce
        
        Increase in service trade
        
        Affordability
        
        Technology and transport advancements
        
        Counterfeit trade
        
        Cause of trade protectionism and/or conflict
      - Possible Evidence
        
        The TNCs account for over 20 per cent of the world's total output and the "intra-firm" trade of TNCs is reported to account for over 25 per cent of the total world trade in manufactures. --> more activity
        
        China & USA have combined around 50,000 technology patents according to OPEC databases in 2018 (kind of reaching though)
        
        In 2016, counterfeit trade accounted for 3.3% of entire global trade, approx 509 billion USD container and ship route increase leads to increased counterfeit trade, in the EU in 2016, 6.8% of the imports were counterfeit goods
        
        Many businesses located in the United States have outsourced their call centers or information technology services to companies in India. As part of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), U.S. automobile companies relocated their operations to Mexico, where labor costs are lower. The result is more jobs in countries where jobs are needed, which can have a positive effect on the national economy and result in a higher standard of living