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cancer, mutations, cell communication, non mendelian inheritance, gene…
cancer
tumor suppressor genes
.
DNA methylation
aneuploidy
recessive mutation
.
Rb- (cause retinoblastoma)
predisposition if one mutant allele because high chance of other allele becoming mutated
.
proto oncogenes
.
.
starts with one cell
snowball effect and create tumor
not contact dependent in growth
.
angiogenesis
.
.
.
unregulated cell division
.
predisposition
BRCA 1
when mutated breast cancer can occur
.
mutations
gain of function
antimorphic
neomorphic
hypermorphic
.
loss of function
hypomorphic
haploinsufficient
.
base excision repairs
double strand breaks
non homologous end joining
homologous recombination
.
cell communication
paracrine
autocrine
endocrine
direct intercellar
non mendelian inheritance
sex determinance
aneuploidy
trisomy x
symptoms not too bad
.
Jacob's Syndrome
Kleinfelter's Syndrome
Turner's Syndrome
.
sex linked genes
dosage compensation
barr bodies and turn off expression
.
mosaicism
.
incomplete dominance and variable expressivity
environment
.
temperature
modifier genes
chance
gene expression
eukaryotes
DNA packaged into chromatin
modify histone tails to tighten/loosen DNA
acetylation
methylation
.
imprinting
sex specific methylation in gamates
.
turns off expression in one parents chromosome
.
.
save energy
CRISPR/CAS9 gene editing
cut out part of DNA
homologous recombination
.
mendelian inheritance
dominant
recessive
cell cycle
G0
G1
S
G2
Meiosis
haploid cells
.
not genetically identical
increase genetic diversity
.
mitosis
diploid cells
gametes are different genetically than somatic cells
DNA copied
similar because cancer cell different than surrounding cells
DNA not repaired when copied incorrectly in S phase
.
due to mutations
proto oncogene mutated so becomes oncogene that is "over active"
can't stop cell cycle anymore due to mutation so loss of function
problems with cell cycle result in cancer
occurs in Meiosis 1
BRCA1 helps with repairing double strand breaks
fails to signal properly so keeps growing even though other cells are nearby
same mechanism used in biotech for CRISPR CAS 9
sometimes methylating tumor suppressor genes can cause cancer
example of non mendelian inheritance
another consequence of DNA methylation
aneuploidy in different chromosomes can have different effects
similar ideas and both turn off expression of genes on purpose
leads to this
because of dosage compensation
signals are sent to recruit blood vessles
carcinogens increase chance of cancer
not all people with mutation will get cancer but have higher chance
determined by gametes created during meiosis