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*Chapter 14 - Industrial/Social devel. in towns/cities - Coggle Diagram
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Chapter 14 - Industrial/Social devel. in towns/cities
Involv. of For. Companies
Learn from west indus. - follow sim. plan + improve econ. - advised by 1000s foreign engineers needing jobs - helped avoid errors that effected west capitalist nations in 30s
Organisation, aims + results of 1st 5yr plan
Oct 1928 5yrP launched but not approved until April 1929 - Stal. said he was preparing for future war against capitalists - In 1931 Stal. spoke at 1st Conference of Workers + said they were 50/100 yrs behind West - catch up in 10yrs
1st5yrP focused on heavy industry (coal, oil, steel) - original targets revised upwards + unrealistic - Poilt. said it should be done in 4yrs rather than 5yrs - neglected consumer goods or focusing on raising living standards
Officials fabricated results + managers frightened - production increased - huge showpieces begun e.g. Dneiper Dam + hydro-electric power station - coal indus. in Ukraine + Siberia expanded - tractor factories built in Stalingrad
Magnitogorsk - by 1932 it was significant mining/industrial city with pop. of over 250,000
Working/living conditions
(28 - 41) were shortages of consumer goods like clothes due to St. focusing on heavy indus. / poor planning - underestimated needs / prod tech. - mid 30s sov. good at prod. large raw material (iron, steel) but consumer goods needed more sophisticated techniques (econ. lacked)
Scarcity managed by rationing - housing problem (28 - 41) - movement of peasants made average town pop. incr. by 50,000 every week in early 5YP
Magnit. planned w/ state-of-art housing for workers building factory - small village made for USA specialists supervising - once they returned the managers went into it but workers lived in wooden shacks, tents + mud huts
Living cond. (28 - 41) poorer than under NEP - better living never aim for St. food rationing continued except for the '3 good yrs' in mid 30s - working cond. harsh + forced to work 7 days w/ long hours - lateness + absenteeism criminalised + towards end internal passports made to stop workers moving town to find better paid jobs
Success of 5yr plan
First plans succeeded in industrialisation - econ. policy was broadly successful for heavy indus., transport, rearmaments - heavy indus. biggest success as prod. increase
Built new factories for natural resources - Magnitogorsk, Tula etc. built (29 - 36) + helped incr. amount of iron + steel prod.
stats (mil tons)
Coal output - (27 - 35.4) / (40 - 48.3)
Oil output - (27 - 11.7) / (40 - 31.1)
Pig iron output - (27 - 3.3) / (14.9 - 14.1)
Steel output - (27 - 4) / (40 - 18.3)
Transport was success - Moscow metro (35) made getting around Moscow easier + Moscow Volga Canal made (32 - 37) made transporting goods easier
Gosplan
5 yr. plans made by gov. to increase prod. - Gosplan (USSR central economic agency) made prod. targets for factories, mines + workshops + workers/managers need to get them
Big prop campaign to inspire workers to fulfil plans, they focused on heroic objectives, celebrating success, claimed plans led to destruction of capitalism + described future industrialised USSR after plans
1st 5 yr plan were list of targets backed by prop. campaign - no attempt to ensure factories had resourced to reach targets or what they are used for after prod. - economy = command rather than planned