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How to Build a World: Throughout this course, we've explored texts…

- - - - Furthermore, the concept of "clones" and "orogenes" brings up the argument of humanism vs. posthumanism, two paradigms that advocate for a focus only on modern human interests or the definition of "human" as an ever-changing spectrum to be accommodated, respectively.
        
        In favor of adopting a posthumanist paradigm, scholar Nathan Snaza details how colonialism established educational discrimination that has contributed to the dehumanization of "clones" like indigenous populations: “...the colonizer must take the colonized as ‘almost’ but not quite the same as the fully human Western man... [the colonizer] must address the pupil as inhuman,” (Snaza, 8). To build a better world, one must address how its pre-existing systems foster the dehumanization of cultural others and the environment, putting human interests over the general welfare of all living things. "The Failure of Humanizing Education in Kazuo Ishiguro's Never Let Me Go
      - How does a utopia define "humanness?"
- - - - In her article, "What 'Structural Racism' Really Means," Jamelle Bouie uses the writings of Oliver Cox to illustrate the ways in which the capitalist system relies on the exploitation of outgroups--in America's case: slaves. Money is the means and end of the current structure of American capitalism, Bouie underscoring this point: "until the Civil War, this socioeconomic need was the production of tobacco... it is capitalist exploitation - and not some inborn tribalism - that drives racial prejudice," (Bouie, 8).