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LU4 - LINGUISTIC - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Un + popular = Unpopular
      - Walk + s = Walks
      - Popular + ity = Popularity
      - Walk + ed = Walked
  - - - Nothing about pronunciation - logically associates word with meaning
      - One language for arranging words inherently no better or worse than those of another
  - - - Larger units composed of smaller units
        
        Phoneme
        
        Basic form of sound, sensed in the mind (without meaning)
  - - - Words (Morphology)
      - Meaning (Semantic & Pragmatic)
      - Sounds (Phonology)
      - Rules of sentence pattern (Syntax)
- - - - Unconscious knowledge of grammar
    - - Morphology
        
        Rules regarding the word structure
      - Syntax
        
        Rules regarding the structure of sentences
      - Phonology
        
        Rules regarding the sound system
      - Semantics
        
        Rules regarding the meaning of sentences
  - - - Words
      - Sentences of language
      - Sounds
      - Recognize when they are not being followed
  - - - Description/model of mental grammar internalized by speaker
        
        Basic linguistics knowledge
        
        Speak/understand/make judgments about well formedness of language
    - - Prescription of grammar/rules of language/dialect considered by grammarians to be more correct that others
        
        Need to be taught
        
        Based on what educated people consider to be correct
- - - - Capacity decreases
      - Difficulty to learn new language
    - - Johnson and Newport (1989)
        
        Adults make faster initial progress
        
        Success rate in 2nd language not as great as children's
      - Study on Chinese and Korean adults
        
        Mkgrated to US for about 10 years
        
        Similar socioeconomic backgrounds
        
        Aged 3-39 years old
      - Given 2 types of sentences
        
        One gramatically correct, another with one grammatical error
        
        12 rules involved
        
        To answer Correct or Incorrect?
      - Results
        
        Those learning English later during childhood / adolescent has lower test scores than those who learned when they were between 3-7 years old.
- - - - Sets of rulesexists in the minds of speakers and hearers
- - - - If environmental stimulus missing, capacity is impaired or loss
- - - - Knowledge of the sound system
      - Knowledge of words
      - Creativity of linguistics knowledge
      - Knowledge of sentences & non-sentences
- - - - Rules
      - Develop
      - Establish
      - How infants acquire rules
        
        Chomsky’s hypothesis
        
        Inborn (innate) linguistic capacity of human
      - Appreciate
  - - - Despite surface differences, all human languages share a fundamental structure
      - Language Acquisition Device - IResearchNet, n.d.
    - - Part of human biologically endowed language faculty
- - - - Programmed to perform human task
      - Further the work which our minds used to be engaged in
      - Focus on getting computer to take over our boring, time consuming work
  - - - Automatic translation
        
        Output (Target language)
        
        Memory (Words of Source Language & Their Equivalent in
        Target Language)
        
        Input (Source language)
      - Difficulty with translation - Meaning
        
        Finding the right meaning requires detailed knowledge of the
        world
        
        There could be various possible meanings
        
        There may not be equivalent words or phrases
        
        There could be different word ordering in sentences
        
        English = Subject--verb--object
        
        German = Subject--object—verb
        
        oint-for-point correspondence(word for word translation) from ENGLISH to GERMAN is not possible
      - Machine translation works best only when vocabulary involved
        limited to very specific domain
      - Not easy to use computer program to conduct
        machine translation
        
        depends on meaning
        
        introduction of natural language processing (NLP)
        
        application
        
        AZILE
        
        ELIZA
      - Natural language processing
        
        Computers that handle human natural language
        
        Systems that translate ordinary human commands into language computers can understand and act on
        
        It takes a sophisticated software to unravel such
        statements
        
        Challenge for AI scientists:
        
        Providing the computer with a sense of context that
        humans have
        
        Computer technology that handles human
        natural language
        
        Programs in which sentence pattern frames stored
        as data
        
        Translate ordinary human commands into language
        computers can understand & act on
        
        The goal is “to achieve human-like language
        processing”.
        
        Renown program = ELIZA
        
        NLP recent research
        
        Use parsers = assign categories to the words in the
        sentences and group them into phrases
        
        Formalization of rules
        
        Method of formalising the rules of the
        components of languag
        
        Assign categories (parts of speech) to the words in a sentence & group them into phrases
        
        Due to its suitability in storing & retrieving large amount of data, computer technology can undertake tasks which would be daunting for human to attempt
        
        Concordance – frequency count of all words in given
        texts & their exact locations
        
        Speech recognition – speech synthesis
- - - - Found at the age of 11 or 12
      - Unsocialised
      - Dr. Jean Itard (1775 - 1838)
        
        Studied Victor over several years
        
        Fail to teach Victor to use language
    - - Found at the age of 13 (1970)
      - Isolated in own home
      - Suffered abuse
      - Lack environmental stimulation
      - Psychological tests showed that Genie had normal intelligence, but never achieved full mastery of language
    - - Found at age 6
      - Cognitive development was that of a normal 2-year-old
      - Demonstrated no language knowledge and did not have any social experience
      - In 2 years time, she is able to cover the stages of learning that ordinarily required six years
      - Show the existence of critical period in humans for language acquisition