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Lecture 7: Word Classes and Grammatical Categories - Coggle Diagram
Lecture 7:
Word Classes and
Grammatical Categories
Number
Singular: "one"
Plural: "more than one"
Express
By inflection, generally by -s
By distinct forms of certain pron and adj
In verbs, by the singular -s of the 3rd person
which occurs in the present
In the inflected form of the verb "to be"
Generic number
Incorporates both singular and plural
When one doesn't want to specify number
Gender
A rather straightforward system of gender - natural gender
Expressed by inflection
in personal pronoun
in 3rd person
A covert category shown by the concurrence of relevant pronouns: the boy...he, the girl...she
Expressed in N
By derivational suffixes
feminine suffixes -ine, -ess
common gender suffixes -er, -ist, -ard
By compounds
lady-, woman-, girl-
By separate forms
for masculine, feminine, and common gender boy/girl/child
for masculine and feminine genders: uncle/aunt
Person
1st person
the speaker, person speaking
2nd person
the addressee/hearer, person spoken to
3rd person
the person or thing spoken about
Expressed by the inflected
forms of the pronouns
Personal pronouns
Personal possessive determiners
Personal possessive pronouns
Personal reflexive pronouns
Case
Nominative
I, we, you, he, she, it, they, who
Genitive
my/mine, our/ours, his, her/hers, its, their/theirs, whose
Can be expressed with 's or of NP
Double genitive: periphrastic and inflectional forms co-occur
e.g.: a friend of Rosa's
The N with the "of" genitive must be indefinite
The N with the "s" genitive must be human
Objective
me, us, you, him, her, it, them, whom
Definiteness
Definite
Denote the referent which is known, familiar, or identified to the speaker and hearer
THE
For something previous mentioned.
For a unique or fixed referent
For a generic referent
For something which is a part of the immediate socio-physical context or generally known
For something identified by a modifying expression either preceding or following the N
For converting a proper N to a common
Indefinite
Denotes a referent which is novel, unfamiliar, or not known
A/AN
For something mentioned for the first time
For something which cannot or need not be identified
For a generic referent
Equivalent to "any"
Equivalent to "one"
For converting a proper N to a common N
Degree
Positive
Root of the adj or adv
Comparative
-er, more
Superlative
-est, most
Note: foe semantic reason, not all adj can be inflected for degree
Tense
Aspect
Mood
Voice
Active voice
Passive voice