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Plant Defense - Coggle Diagram

- - - - linolenic acid
        
        used to synthesize jasmonic acid
        
        JA-induced gene expression:
        
        alpha-Amylase Inhibitors block starch degradation
        
        Lectins block carbohydrate uptake
        
        Protease Inhibitors block protein degradation
        
        JA-mediated systemic response:
        
        signal recognition and systemic response
        
        signal transport
        
        signal generation and local response
        
        JA-induced volatile signaling
        
        complex mixture:
        
        terpenes
        
        alkaloids
        
        Phenolic
        
        Green-leaf volatile
        
        lipid derived
        
        C6 aldehydes, alcohols, esters
        
        insect repellents
        
        predator attractants
        
        fatty acid released from plasma membrane
      - linoleic acid
- - - - Nitric Oxide (NO)
      - reactive oxygen species (ROS)
    - - substance produced by plants in response to a parasite and inhibits parasite growth
      - rapidly synthesized upon attack
      - accumulate around attack site
    - - glucanases
      - chitinases
      - hydrolases
  - - - Accumulation of salicylic acid (SA), acting as a local signal
        
        transmission of SA to other parts of plant in vascular system, resulting in increased systemic resistance to pathogens
      - Synthesis and release of volatile methyl salicylate (meSA), which acts as a systemic signal
        
        Airborne transmission of meSA to other parts of the plant and to neighboring plants results
  - - - Plant R Genes (R = resistance)
      - Microbial avr Genes (avr = avirulence)
    - - Ca2+/H+ influx
      - K+/Cl- efflux
      - Nitric Oxide (NO)
      - Reactive oxygen species (ROS)
      - Mitoen-activated protein kinases (MAP kinases)
      - Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs)
      - Jasmonic Acid (JA)
      - Salicylic acid (SA)
- - - - nematodes
      - insects
      - Mammals
    - - phloem feeders
        
        insert proboscis into sieve tube element to obtain fluids
        
        Little damage to epidermis and mesophyll cells
        
        vector for plant viruses
        
        examples:
        
        aphids
        
        white flies
        
        related plant defense resembles response to pathogens
      - cell content feeders
        
        piercing and sucking herbivores
        
        intermediate damage to plant cells
        
        examples:
        
        mites
        
        thrips
      - chewing feeders
        
        chew and eat plant tissues
        
        most significant damage to plant cells
        
        examples:
        
        caterpillars
        
        grasshoppers
        
        beetles
- - - - stored chemicals
      - conjugated-compounds
      - precursors to active compounds that may be easily activated
  - - - lectins
      - protease inhibitors
      - toxic secondary metabolites