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Hematoimmunology System, PEARLE GABRIALE NELWAN - Coggle Diagram
Hematoimmunology System
Fundamental principles of
genetic information
DNA Replication, Recombination, and Repair
RNA : Transcription and RNA Processing
Protein Synthesis : Translation and Posttranslational Modifications
Hematology
Composition of Blood
Plasma (55%)
Composition
Water (92%)
Plasma proteins (~7%)
Albumin (~58%)
Globulin (~37%)
Fibrinogen (~4%)
Regulatory proteins (~1%)
Other Sollutes (~1%)
Leukocytes or White Blood Cells (WBCs) (~1%)
Definition : The cell that leaves the blood to various tissue and become functional related to immunity
Classification
Granulocyte
Eosinophil
Basophil
Neutrophil
Agranulocyte
Monocyte
Lymphocyte
Normal Value : total WBC 5.000-10.000/mm^3
Erythrocytes (44%)
Morphology
Tidak memiliki inti
Bentuk : cakram bikonkaf
Normal value : 4.5-5 million/mL blood
Hemoglobin
Heme Degradation
Normal: 11 to 18 grams per deciliter (g/dL)
RBC Destruction
Fungsi : distributing O2
Platelets/Thrombocyte (~1%)
Trombosit adalah fragmen sel bermembran, tidak bernukleus, dan berukuran kecil berdiameter sekitar 2-4 μm.
Normal Value : 150,000 to 400,000/μL.
Fungsi : proses penggumpalan darah dan membantu memperbaiki luka kecil pada dinding dari pembuluh darah.
Hematopoiesis
Eritropoiesis
Granulopoiesis
Thrombocytopoiesis
Hemostasis
Function : prevent or limit the extent of bleeding
Process
Arteriolar vasoconstriction
Primary hemostasis
Secondary hemostasis
Coagulation Cascade
Intrinsic Pathway
Extrinsic Pathway
Clot stabilization and resorption
Important Organs
Spleen
Fungsi : membuang abnormal RBC, iron storage, menginisiasi respon imun dari B cell dan T cell.
Komponen
White pulp (terdiri dari lymphoid nodules and the periarteriolar lymphoid sheaths (PALS)
Red Pulp (terdiri dari splenic cords dan splenic sinusoids)
Anatomy
Organ sebesar kepalan tangan berwarna keunguan
Lokasi : superolateral kuadran kiri (LUQ) diproteksi thoracig cage antara ribs 9-11
Surfaces : diaphragmatic dan visceral
Dikelilingi oleh capsule yang memanjang menjadi trabekula
Liver
Fungsi : sintesis dan sekresi endokrin, menghilangkan bakteri dan sel darah merah tua, organ hematopoiesis, dan detoksifikasi.
Hepatic lobules
Hepatocytes
Portal triad: venula, arteriole, bile ductules
Struktural
Classic Hepatic Lobule (endokrin)
The Concept Of Portal Lobules (exocrine)
Hepatic Acinus (blood supply)
Anatomy
Organ terbesar (2% berat tubuh)
Lokasi : right hypochondrium dan upper epigastrium hingga left hypochondrium
Surface : Diaphragmatik dan visceral
Ligament : falciform, coronary, triangular
2 lobus utama dan 8 lobus fungsional
Bone Marrow
Classification
Red bone marrow (pembentuk darah dan memiliki sel hemapoetik)
Yellow bone marrow (adiposit)
Fungsi : produksi dan multiplikasi sel darah
Diseases
Erytrocytes
Anemia
Hemolytic Anemia
Immune Hemolytic Anemia
Sickle cell anemia
Thalasemia
Anemia of diminished erythropoiesis
Iron Deficiency Anemia
Epidemiology
Most common cause of anemia worldwide
United States: the rate is 10% due to losses from menstruation
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Riskesdas 2013 : Prevalensi wanita usia subur (15-44 tahun) 35.3%
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Etiology
Low Intake
Inadequate Diet
Disturbance in Iron absorption
Small intake in increased need
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Increased Iron Loss
excessive blood donation
bleeding
Menstruation
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Pathogenesis and pathophysiology
Stages
Stage 1
Stage 2
Stages3
Sign and Symptoms
Specific
Glossitis (smooth, sore, red tongue)
Koiloncyhia (spoon-shaped nails)
Angular stomatitis (sores and cracks at corners of mouth
Alopecia (hair loss)
Pica (unusual dietary cravings like ice)
Common to anemia : fatigue, dizziness, headache, shortness of breath, palpitations, pallor, tachycardia, flow murmur, congestive cardiac failure
Treatment
Iron Theraphy
Oral
Parenteral
Laboratory Findings
Complete Blood Count : low Hb, low Hct, low MCH, low MCHC, low MCV
Low ferritin and serum iron
High transferrin or total iron-binding capacity (TIBC)
Blood Smear
Microcytic
Hypochromic
Pencil Shape
Low plasma transferrin saturation
absence of iron stores on bone marrow smear
Megaloblastic Anemia
Aplastic Anemia
Myelophthisic Anemia
Anemia of Chronic Inflamamtion
Polycythemia
Polycythemia vera
Leukocytes
Leukimia
Chronic Myelogenous Leukimia (CML)
Acute Myeloid Leukimia (AML)
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukimia (ALL)
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukimia (CLL)
Leukopenia
Leukositosis
Trombocyte
Trombositopenia
Inherited trombocytopenia
Thrombocytopenic Purpura
Trombositosis
Neoplasia
Types
Benign Tumor
Malginant Tumor
Cancer Chemotheraphy
Public Health
Principle of Bioethics and Professionalism
Non-maleficence
Beneficence
Justice
Autonomy
Health Behaviour
Health promotion
Health Education
Laboratory Examination
Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW).
Menunjukkan apakah semua RBC sama dalam aspek lebar, ukuran, dan bentuk
anisocytosis
poikilocytosis
Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV). Mengukur ukuran dan volume rata-rata sel darah merah
Macrocytic
Microcytic
Mean Cell Hemoglobin (MCH). Pengukuran yang menjelaskan jumlah rata-rata massa hemoglobin dalam RBC.
Mean Cell Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC). Konsentrasi rata-rata Hb dalam volume sel darah merah.
Normal : 33.4-35.5 g/dL
hypochromia
hyperchromia
Reticulocyte Counts. Pengukuran jumlah atau persentase sel darah merah muda yang baru dilepaskan/retikulosit dalam sampel darah.
Konsentrasi Hemoglobin (Hb). Laki-laki: 13.8-17.2 g/dl. Perempuan: 12.3-15.3
Hematocrit (Hct). Laki-laki→ 42-50%. Perempuan→ 39-48%
Red Cell Counts. Menghitung jumlah sel darah merah dalam suatu sampel darah
Immunology
Diseases
Hypersensitive
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Immunodeficiency Disease
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndromes (AIDS)
Immune System
Type
Innate Immunity
Adaptive Immunity
Antibody-mediated Immunity (humoral)
Cell-mediated Immunity
didefinisikan sebagai pertahanan terhadap penyakit, terutama penyakit infeksi.
Important Organs
Primary
Red Bone marrow
Thymus
Secondary
MALT
Tonsils
Peyer's patches
Appendix
Lymph nodes
Spleen
Lymphoid Tissue
Limfosit T
Limfosit B
PEARLE GABRIALE NELWAN
