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Eco-Evo-Devo: developmental symbiosis and developmental plasticity as…
Eco-Evo-Devo: developmental symbiosis and developmental plasticity as evolutionary agents
Ecological evolutionary developmental biology studies
developmental symbiosis
certain developmental process are regulated by symbionts
can lead to reproductive isolation
may have been in control of the development of eukaryotic cells
developmental plasticity
certain genotypes develop different genotypes based off of environmental cues
can lead to evolution
may have lead to the formation of appendages
Evolutionary symbiosis
All animals in nature contain microbiota on epithelia lining
Holobionts/metaorganisms are organisms living in, on and around the host that are symbiotic with the host
Those of the same animal species who consume the same diet even have unique microbiota
Phylosymbiosis: the coevolution of microbiota and host
Many invertebrates require symbionts for the formation of certain features
The immune system of vertebrates are also reliant on symbiotic bacteria
The immune system also helps to shape the symbionts
Antimicrobial peptides help to select for microbiota
Those with weakened immune systems often have different microbiota compare to those with fully functional immune systems
Normal brain development is also reliant on microbiota
Phenotypic variation in host can also be controlled by differences in symbionts
Symbionts role in speciation
Symbionts may open the door to reproductive isolation
Some different species can mate with those with similar microbiota and produce healthy hybrids while those with different microbiota may not be able produce hybrid offspring
Studies from those with different microbiota suggest that there might be an evolutionary process that is causing reproductive isolation because of a divergence in microbiota
Studies suggest that in some species those with different gut microbes prefer not to mate with each other
Evolution and developmental plasticity
Developmental plasticity: the creation of different phenotypes from the same genotype depending on the environment
Has been shown to be the cause of a substantial amount of evolution
Developing organisms can change in response to various outside pressures
Cryptic genetic variation is variation that under usual conditions are not present but are present under abnormal conditions
Nematodes that are in an unpopulated area develop a mouth specialized in consuming the bacteria but when in highly populated area develop a mouth specialized in consuming other nematodes
Because of many elements plasticity outcomes in nature are hard to predict
Global climate change is detrimental to some species because their developmental plasticity relies on temperature to regulate types of growth
Developmental plasticity uses the environment as a selective agent in changing phenotype
Gilbert S, Bosch T, Ledón-Rettig C. 2015. Eco-Evo-Devo: developmental symbiosis and developmental plasticity as evolutionary agents. Nat Rev Genet. 16(10):611–622. doi:10.1038/nrg3982.