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Gender and Culture in Psychology: Gender Bias - Coggle Diagram
Gender and Culture in Psychology: Gender Bias
Universality and Bias
Universality
any underlining characteristics of human beings that are capable to applyy to all, despite upbringing and difference experience.
gender bias undermines psycologist claims to be universality
Psycologist hold beliefs and values that have been influenced by the social and historical context they live in. These beliefs may be biased and lean towards a subjective view that does not reflect objective reality.
Gender Bias
Treating one individual group different way to others. In context of gender bias, psychological research or theory may offer a view that is not justifiable represent the experience and behaviour of men and women
Alpha Bias
Research that focuses on the differences between men and women and therefore tends to exaggerate these differences
Freuds theory of psychosexual development
Claims that women have inferior superegos to men because they dont ave penis, leading to pensi envy
This is suggesting that femininity is a failed masculinity and they are wanting something men have but we don't. Therefore girls/women are morally inferior to men
Can sometime favour women
Nancy Chodorow suggested that mother and daughters have a greater connection that son and mothers because of biological similarities. As a result child closeness, women have better abilities to bond with others and emphasise.
Beta Bias
Research that focuses on the similarity between men and women, therefore tends to present a view that ignores or minimises the difference
Research on fight or flight response
Biological research generally favoured using male animals because female behaviour is affected with regular hormonal changes due to ovulation which the ignores any differences. Early research into fight or flight did that and assumed both male and female respond to threatening situations with fight or flight
Shelley et el Taylor claimed this was not true and described the tend and befriend response. The love hormone oxytocin is more present in females and women response to stress by increasing oxytocin production. This reduces the fight or flight response and enhances a revolved response for looking after others.
Androcentrism
Male centred, when normal behaviour is judged to according to male standard meaning that female behaviour is judged to be abnormal
psychology has presented a male dominated version
example American psychological association published 100 most influence psychologists and only 6 were women
suggests psychology been subject produced by men, for men and about men - androcentrism view
Milgram's study on obedience
in study there was only 40 men so it was only only possible to the findings to accurately represent men and not do not generalise to females
Killham and Mann used both male and females and found 15% of females went to full shock compared to 40% of males. This was significant difference was over looked by Milgram
Evaluation
promotes sexism in research
women remain underrepresented in university departments, lecturers likely to be conducted by men and this may disadvantage participants who are women
male researcher may expect women to be irrational and may not complete tasks and such expectations are likely to mean that women underperform in research studies=intuitional structures and methods of psychology may produce results that are gender biased
Research challenging gender biased may not be published
Magdala Formanowicz analysed more than 1000 articles relating to gender bias over eight years. they found that research on gender bias is les funded and is published by less prestigious journals
consequences of this is fewer scholars became aware and applied it within there work