Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Week 13: Future of communications - Coggle Diagram
Week 13: Future of communications
Algorithms
Mathematical method (decision tree), like recipes.
Online
: Which information (news, advertisement, post evt.) fits best to a specific user
Example:
How does Facebook choose what to show in the news feed?
What is visible in your feed?
C
reator (interest of the user in the creator) x
P
ost (this post's performance amongst other users) x
T
ype (type of post - status, photo, link) users prefers) x
R
ecency (how new is the post)
Filter bubbles
a situation in which an Internet user encounters only information and opinions that conform to and reinforce their own beliefs, caused by algorithms that personalize an individual's online experience
The filter bubble problem
Polarization: a little problem in the EU, but a great problem in the US, where is is a large difference.
Access to digital news: we still get in formation from other sources, like television, in the EU, than social media and algorithms. However, this is different for different age groups, younger generations are more relied on social media as a source for news.
You only see what "people like you" see, and this is accelerated for people with extreme views
Little empirical evidence for filter bubbles in Europe:
... because multi-party systems are less polarized
... because some filters can actually increase diversity
... because most users are still exposed to offline or unfiltered news
... because selecting consonant is as old as the media itself (example is pillarization and selective exposure)
"it's a bubble of your own unique information, but you can't see what doesn't get into your bubble" (Pariser)
Affordances of digital communication
Affordances
: all action possibilities with an object based on users' physical capabilities - the connections of characteristics of the object itself, and how people choose to use it.
Affordances of digital communication
(compared to other forms of communication)
Replicability: we cannot link what we read to its source as easily because of digital communication
Searchability: we can search and find the information we are longing for
Persistence: a step in technology, where it will continue to exist or exist in better terms (e.g. DVD --> Netflix)
Distributability/Scalability: possibility to share information
What causes media to change?
Changes in the media landscape or ownership structures
Changes in technology: innovation
Changes in norms and values, or composition of society
Technological determinism: the theory that a society's technology determines its cultural values, social structure and history. Aims to provide a causative link between technology and society's nature.
Mis- and disinformation:
Fake news
as genre: deliberately created, pseudo-journalistic disinformation
as label: political instrument to delegitimize news media
Definition:
Misinformation: describes incorrect or misleading in formation that is disseminated
unintentionally
Disinformation: incorrect or misleading information that is disseminated
deliberately
(with intent of misleading by the sender)
Effects of disinformation
:
Disinformation is often experienced as credible, especially by older or very young media users
Effects on attitudes and behavior are generally weak: Reasons for this are among other the strong self-selection in the use of disinformation.
If you use media to see news on extreme view or narrow vies, and you keep seeing disinformation, your resilience against this will decrease.
Reasons for quick dissemination (spread) of disinformation on social media
Algorithms prioritize items that recieve many clicks
Content producers earn money per click
Fake news often has a fake high news value (for example surprising, high impact etc.) __> people are more inclined to click on the story
Types of deep fakes:
Face swapping ( identity swapping)
Audio (voice swapping)
Puppetry (mapping a target's face to an actor's for facial re-enhancement)
Lip-synching (synthetic video created to match an audio file and footage of their face)