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Italian and German unification
ITALIAN UNIFICATION (1859–1870)
Various factors caused a growth in nationalism
The Congress of Vienna left the Italian Peninsula divided into seven states
Nationalist and liberal successes in other countries, such as Belgium and Greece, encouraged Italian nationalists
The failure of the Revolutions of 1848 also encouraged nationalism
Important figures supported Italian unification, both in Italy and overseas
Victor Emmanuel II and Cavour
Tried to extend their kingdom's constitutional system to other parts of Italy
Garibaldi
Conquered the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies in 1860
In 1866, the Piedmontese and Garibaldi took control of Venetia after Austria had been defeated by Prussia. In 1870 Rome was occupied and annexed
In the south
Italy became a parliamentary monarchy
GERMAN UNIFICATION (1866–1871)
German unification began as a result of these factors
After the Congress of Vienna, the German Confederation was divided into 39 states, united by the federal Diet (parliament)
During the Revolution of 1848, the Frankfurt Parliament tried to create a unified state with universal manhood suffrage
In 1834, a customs union (the Zollverein) had been established
Like in Italy, liberal and nationalist ideas were popular in Germany
Otto von Bismarck
Chancellor (prime minister) of Prussia in 1862
Started the process of unification
Nationalism was strong, and in addition it had a large army and a developed economy
THE CONSEQUENCES OF ITALIAN AND GERMAN UNIFICATION
The Austro-Hungarian Empire lost power and influence in both Italy and Germany
The German Empire became Europe's dominant power
Both unifications affected European international relations
France's defeat by Prussia led to the collapse of Napoleon III's Second Empire, which was replaced by the Third Republic
Germany and Italy
Had been divided into numerous small states
These divisions were confirmed by the Congress of Vienna
In the 19th century, nationalist movements succeeded in unifying these countries
