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Week 12: Interpersonal communication - Coggle Diagram

- - - - De-penetration: when a relationship deteriorates, you go back one stage/stages
      - "Law (norm) of reciprocity": mutual sharing of information with the same level of intimacy. (This takes place at every stage)
  - - - Lack of direct interaction
      - Contextual norm of self-disclosing behavior ("it's okay on YouTube")
      - Reduced "social presence" (not realizing that someone else is watching/listening)
      - Motivation (e.g. reward in money or clicks)
      - Increased self-awareness (less concerned with social desirability)
      - Personal traits (e.g. loneliness, well-being, health, age)
      - What predicts online self-disclosure?
  - - - economic framework of exchanging "resources", weighing rewards against costs
      - Rewards are, for example, being liked, getting support, convenience
      - Costs are, for example, making yourself vulnerable/being hurt, wasting energy
      - When rewards outweigh the cost then the deepening of the relationship (social penetration) will take place faster
  - - - According to SPT we have an onion-like personality structure with different layers. Each of these layers holds certain information about yourself, and the deeper you go the more self-disclosure you do.
        These layers are divided into:
        
        Outside: superficial layers of personalities, such as demographics and style
        
        Next is more intimate layers
        
        Then we have the personal layer
        
        Finally the core layer
        
        Through this self-disclosure, or pealing the layers off, we let another person see more intimate sides of ourselves. This occurs through breadth delf-disclosure, broader and more topics about yourself, and the depth of self-disclosure, more deep information.
- - - - The presence of another person is important for forming a realtionship
      - Lack of social presence leads to more targeted and individualistic communication
    - - Classify media based on the complexity of the message that is possible (verbal, non-verbal, ability to express emotions)
      - e.g. telephone = rich, texting = lean
    - - No idea how you relate to the person you are talking to
      - More concerns with yourself and not the other (self-awareness)
      - No social norms about how we should behave online
      - Less inhibition
      - Example: aggressive online behavior (trolling) causes flaming
    - - To interpersonal (SIP) (relationships can also exist through CMC)
      - To hyperpersonal (relationships get better because of CMC)
      - From impersonal (relationships are hindered by CMC)
  - - - Self-disclosure (breadth and depth)
      - Social information --> Impression formation --> Relationship
      - Importance of connection and intimacy, which results from knowledge and experience with others
    - - Timing
        
        Small steps because there is less information per message and it take longer time to transmit the message. But it should be just as easy to make a good relationships with enough time.
        
        What also plays a role:
        
        Chronemics: "how people perceive, use, and respond to issues of time in their interaction with others"
        
        In the absence of non-verbal information (body language etc.), reaction speed also provides information
        
        Anticipated future interaction, expectations to the relationship
        
        A matter of time:
      - Language & Style
        
        If people are motivated to build a relationship with someone online, they will pay extra attentionto verbal cues
        
        e. g. pay attention to sufficient and appropriate language to make the right impression (self-disclosure, praise, and affections statements --> perceived as nice/warm)
  - - - 2. Receiver: idealize sender (Attribution: ascribe characteristics based on behavior)
      - 3. Channel: Asynchronous (optimal and desirable communication)
      - 1. Sender: paint (too) positive picture of yourself
      - 4. Feedback: behave like the other experts you to behave (self-fulfilling prophecy)
    - - Reasons to believe information, because this cannot be manipulated by other people
      - e. g. on social network sited: comments from friends
      - "The perceived validity of information presented online with respect to illuminating someone's offline characteristics."
      - High warranting value: not easily changed/trustable information
      - Low warranting value: easily changed/not trustable information
  - - - More interpretive perspective
      - Mobile technology/online communication: "not only changes what we do, but also who we are"
      - Mobile technology requires constant attention and takes away from human processes (conversation, intimacy, empathy)
    - - Intimacy: optimal self-presentation --> no longer our vulnerable self (the 'center' of our personality in SPT)
      - Empathy: develops through ftf contact rather than online (too fleeting and selective)
      - Conversation: less ftf contact, more fleeting
  - - - Explain what role the warranting value of personal information plays.
        
        Tells something about the reliability and validity of the information provided, if it gives a true picture of the person off line as online. Ex. Imagine if someone presents of himself and whether this information can be trusted or it can be manipulated by that person. Just like on Facebook, if the information his friends provides is way different from the information he provides, than there is a low warranting value.
    - - The absence of non-verbal cues (and therefore the attention that needs to be paid to verbal cues) - CMC users can create fully formed impressions of each other based solely on the linguistic content of online messages-
        
        timing (synchronous versus a-synchronous) - CMC is slower, and impressions id formed at reduced rate. Same quality, but takes more time.
    - - Sender: Selective self-presentation (we only expose our good sides to the one we are communicating with online)
        
        Receiver: Over-attribution of similarity (we tend to over attribute and make a perfect image based on the given information)
        
        Channel: Communicating on your own time (online communication allows to communicate simultaneously, because of asynchronous channels - no given timee you have to use it)
        
        Feedback: Self-fulfilling prophecy (the tendency for a person's expectations of others to evoke a response from them that confirms what was originally anticipated)