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UNIT 4 : LINGUISTICS - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Infer about functioning of cognitive processes & their representation in the brain
  - - - Children are learning the underlying rules
      - Process of language acquisition is fast (3-4 years) but it is not instantaneous
      - Linguistic competence develops by stages. Observation of children in different languages areas of the world reveal that the stages are similar, possibly universal
  - - - Programmed to perform human task
        
        Focus on getting computer to take over our boring,time consuming work
        
        Further the work which our mind used to be engaged in
  - - - Input ( source language)
      - Output ( Target language)
      - Memory ( words of source language & their equivalent in target language)
    - - Finding the right meaning requires detailed knowledge of the world
      - There could be various possible meaning
    - - Difficulty with machine translation
        
        Translation is one sentence may make no sense at all in another
        
        Selecting the wrong word can lead to garble
        
        Meaning requires detailed knowledge of the world
      - Different languages make use of different word ordering in their sentences
        
        English=subject--verb--object
        
        German= Subject--object -- verb
        
        Point- for - point correspondence (word for word translation) from ENGLISH to GERMAN is not possible
  - - - Providing the computer with a sense of context that humans have
    - - Programs in which sentence pattern frame stored as data
      - Translate ordinary human commands into language computer can understand & act on
    - - Matching input to fixed pattern
  - - - ELIZA
      - AZILE
  - - - S- sentence
        N- noun
        V- verb
        Art- articles
        S can be expended
  - - - Concordance- frequency count of all words in given texts & their exact location
      - Speech recognition- speech synthesis
  - - - Fluent in e language
        
        Around 2 years old = Bilingual children reported to use words ( vocabulary) from both language
  - - - Have innate capacity to acquire their species basic song pattern - only while they are very young
      - Must hear the song within the 1st few months
      - If NOT,they are no longer able to acquire it
      - Innate Acquisition capacity lasts only a short time indicates the existence of critical period in these species
      - More evidence for existence of a critical period : cases of feral children
    - - Feral : wild or undomesticated, existing in a natural state
      - Feral child is a human child who from a very young age has lived in isolation from Human contact
      - 1) Victor,the " wild boy of Avevron", 11/12 years old discovered near Avevron France in 1799
        2) Genie, 13 years old in 1970
        
        These two children who were found at adolescence failed to acquire language in a normal fashion
      - Isabelle, 6 years old cited in American Journal of Sociology - fearful of strangers and reacted violently towards men
    - - A stage when language learning takes place naturally
      - Language learning become difficult after the stage has passed
      - Early exposure to language serves as means to normal linguistic development
    - - Loss of language - language becomes less available to users ( i.e. lost some or all of linguistic system which once was in fully developed form?
      - Research on subject provided insight into the way language is organized in brain
    - - The extent & location of damage to brain determine aphasic patients language deficits
      - Understanding what happened to the linguistic system of an aphasic depends ; linguist, cognitive psychologist, neuroscientist
      - The study of aphasia brings together experts from linguistic, cognitive psychology and neuroscience
    - - The area of language relate to consciousness with :
        
        Mental grammar = unconscious rules ( linguistic)
        
        Innateness of ideas ( Rene Descartes)
        
        A priori or innate knowledge ( Immanuel Kant)
    - - Influence from Immanuel Kant view on existence of a priori or innate knowledge ; linguistic structure acquired in the process of L1 learning contribute to the way we experience the world and language serves as a filter of thought
- - - - Analyzing, classifying, formulating hypothesis ( accept, reject, modify)
      - Collecting facts of language
      - Verifying theme empirically
  - - - Connection between form and context ( when,where,by whom & to whom it is said
    - - Continuous stream of sounds divided into individual units
    - - Language organized into constituent
    - - Language is a modular system
        
        Morphology
        
        Phonology
        
        Semantic & pragmatic
        
        Syntax
    - - Combine minimal units of meaning ( morpheme) into novels word
      - Dynamic- change over time
    - - No principled or systematic connection between words and their meaning
      - Exception= onomatopoeia
    - - Language used varies depending on who's speaking and the situation in which they are speaking
  - - - Which part of the brain underline language use?
      - How do we acquire language :
        
        With no conscious awareness
      - What is language
        
        The best window on the working of human mind
        
        An extraordinary ability to describe the contents of our thoughts
      - Linguistic hypothesizes about the human capacity for language and what it indicates about the nature of the human brain
  - - - Knowledge of sentences & non sentences
      - Creativity of linguistic knowledge
      - Knowledge of the sound system
      - Knowledge of words
    - - Enable to produce sound that signify certain knowledge
      - Enable to understand and interpret sound
  - - - Phonology
      - Morphology
      - Syntax
      - Semantic
  - - - Basic linguistic knowledge
      - Explain how it's possible for users to speak
    - - Need to be taught
      - Based on what educated people consider to be correct
  - - - Relation of language & culture
        
        Language & thought
    - - Sapir- Whorf hypothesis
        
        Linguistic determinism
        
        Linguistic relativity
    - - Is a shared structure
      - Langue
      - Parole
  - - - Syntax
        Phoneme-morpheme- word- phrase- sentence
      - Simple sentence
        i. Noun phrase + Verb Phrase
        Ii. Adjective
        III. Preposition
    - - Appreciate what was involved in the new linguistics of the 20th century
      - Establish a formal means of encoding rules of language
      - Rules that are made explicit
      - Develop linguistic capabilities in computer
      - How infants acquire rules
    - - Learning Acquisition Device (LAD)
        Language learning programme in children's brain provide them with a set of procedures for developing a grammar